Aquaculture Research and Equity Forum 2025

Captions are available for this content for accessibility purposes. They are not fully edited or accurate.

Yeah. Trusts, I  didn't. I  was  going to ask  round. You'll  go  guiding. You  do  a  lot,  don't  you? Does  that  take  up  quite  a  lot  of  time? What's  the  commitment? We'll  edit  out  the  start  of  that. Fernando  was  going  to  ask  if  you would  mind  being  recorded  before  we  started. We  can  record  if  you  prefer. We  do  the  recording Tim  during  the  history  that the  aquaculture  is  increasing more  than  the  fishery  sector. So  this  is  a  key  point  to  consider. Now  we  are  in  a  position to  increase  our  aquaculture. The  world  is  asking  for  us  all  of us  we  are  responsible to  produce  in  a  sustainable  manner. So  this  is very  important  information  for  that. So  We  to  increase  the  production, we  need  to  be  sure  with  the  standard  for the  trade  because  more every  year  the  products, aquaculture  products  are  traded in  a  mayor  year  by  year. So  we  need  the  most  important challenge  for  the  diseases, for  the  production  are  the  diseases. So  we  need  to  prevent and  control  the  diseases. And  in  the  World  Animal  Health  Organisation, we  have  two  standard  or  two  big  standard. One  if  is the  Aquatic  Animal  Health  Code  that  includes all  the  recommendation  for the  trade  thinking  in the  aquatic  animal  health  issues. It  contains  a  general  chapters regarding  the  disease  surveillance, the  notification  of  the  disease, and  it  has  a  very  important  section about  the  prevention  and  control  diseases. It  includes  a  chapter  on  biosecurity  for aquaculture  establishment  and also  zoning  and  compartment. And  then  there  is  the  Chapter  one, notification  disease, Section  one,  Section  two, about  the  import  risk  analysis  for  to  have the  standard  for  the  countries  to prevent  the  disease  into  a  country. And  the  third  section is  about  quality  of  veterinary  service. The  fourth  section  is about  prevention  of  uncontrolled  disease. The  five  section  is  about  trade. How  we  can  certificate my  product  to  export  to  other  country. And  the  sixth  section is  about  antimicrobial  resistance. It's  a  challenge  for  us and  it's  a  wild  health  issue. And  the  seventh  section  is about  welfare,  aquatic  animal  welfare. We  have  a  standard  for  the  transport, and  we  have  a  standard  for  the  kill  purpose. So  we  need  maybe  more  standard, we  can  discuss  after  the  presentation. And  then  we  have  the  specific  chapter  on the  diseases  related  with  the  fish. This  is  a  list  for  fish  for  crustacean, for  mollusk,  and  for  amphibious. Four  different  species  that are  included  in  aquatic  animal  definition, and  we  have  the  manual that  include  the  diagnostic, include  an  epidemiological profile  of  disease. We  need  this  information  to take  prevention  measures, and  also  we  have  some other  preparation  of  the  samples, general  considerations,  and  include the  susceptible  species  for  each  disease. Well,  we  are  in  the  commission. During  three  years,  the  member, 182  member, decide  who  person  expert are  in  the  commission. So  this  is  usually  we  need  to  consider the  regional  participation  on  the  commission. And  well,  this  is  the  current  commission. Doctor  Fiona  is  from  Ireland. She  is  the  vice  president, and  doctor  Ingo  is  from  Australia. He  is  also  the  past  president, and  doctor  Saraya  is a  new  partnership  in the  commission  from  Norway  and doctor  Kan  Liu  from  the  GC  from  China and  doctor  Kevin  Williams  Christiansen from  South  Africa. So  we  all  together  work  and meet  twice  a  year to  advance  in  our  work  plan, and  the  work  plan  is  proposed  by  the  members. The  members  has  the  power to  propose  change  in the  standards  and  has  the  power  to propose  technical  issues  for  each  disease. So  we  need  expertise,  we  need  science. This  is  the  reason  that  we  are not  together  with  you. The  idea  is,  in the  case  of  the  aquatic  animal, we  have  six  collaborative  centres focused  in  aquaculture. So  you  can  see  the  CFS, emergency  emerging  aquatic  animal  diseases, and  then  Canada,  Prince  Edward  Island. Then  you  have  Norway, Norwegian  Veterinary  Institute, our  friend  Edgar  Brun, and  our  friend  Larry  Hammer  in  Canada. And  we  have  a  Tile.  We  are  here. At  the  end  of  the  world,  maybe, is  a  collaborative  centre  is  very  clear. It's  a  collaborative  centre  in antimicrobial  stewardship  in  aquaculture. And  we  have  new  collaborative centres  since  this  year. One  in  Korea  is  about the  reference  material for  the  diagnostic  test, and  the  other  is  in  Epto with  our  friend  Mohammed for  fish  health  management. We  need  you.  It's  an  invitation for  you  because  we  need  your  expertise. So  to  apply  to  be  a  collaborative  centre, you  need  to  present  the  information through  the  delegate the  official  delegate  for  the  Ej, who  is  the  chief  Veterinary  office of  each  country. So  it's  a  formal  procedure, but  it's  very  important  for  us  for the  commission  to  have the  more  expertise  available and  especially  from  the  different  region. So  we  have  a  strategy. You  know,  we  need  to increase  the  aquaculture  production, and  we  need  to  think  in the  aquatic  animal  health  in  the  diseases. So  in  2021,  after the  last  global  conference held  in  Chile  in  2019, we  decided  to  advance  in four  issues  on  four  goals to  improve  the  aquatic  animal  health. One  of  these  is  regarding  the  standard. We  need  standards. We  need  a  standard  for the  members  to  trade  the  animal, the  live  animal,  and  also  the  products. So  we  put  some  list, I  will  show  the  list, and  we  are  working  on  that. Mainly,  we  are  working  we  have had  working  in  prevention and  control  diseases. But  we  don't  have  we  have evidence  enough  capability to  implement  the  standard. This  is  very  interesting  for  you. We  need  more  training, more  involvement  of the  countries,  of  the  university, of  the  cobity  centre  in how  we  can  implement  the  standard. We  did  a  very  good  chapter 4.1  is  a  chapter  on  biosecurity  in aquaculture  establishment  and  we  put some  I  think  four  years,  five  years  ago. And  at  the  moment,  only  a  20, 30%  of  the  member  has implemented  the  standard. My  question  is,  why? Is  lack  of  training, is  lack  of  interesting, is  lack  of  leadership. So  we  need  to  talk  about  that. And  the  third  goal  is  about  resilience. You  know,  we  need  to  advance  in the  emergency  disease  preparedness because  we  will  have  problems  now. We  have  more  emergent  disease  each  year, and  we  have  some  climate  conditions  that  are risk  factor  for  a  lot of  diseases.  So  we  need  to  work. MA  this  is  an  invitation  to  work  in a  global  and  in  a  regional  collaboration. I  need  to  say  thank  you  to the  Chilean  council  that Loretto  is  the  president that  invite  me  to  stay  with  you  today. So  it's  very  this  is a  very  good  instance to  think  in  a  regional  or in  a  global  collaboration  in aquatic  animal  issues  in the  salmon  industry,  for  example. So  we  put  an  activity  in  the  in  the  forearm. And  the  last  goal, I  like  this,  is  the  leadership. We  need  leadership. Please,  we  need  young  people. We  need  the  future. We  need  woman  working  on  that  because this  really  we  need  to  advance  with  that. And  we  need  some  kind  of  people that  is  promoting,  promoting  our  standard, promoting  our  talks,  promoting good  conversation  like  our  conversation. I  have  short  time. Sorry.  Yeah.  We  have an  activity  regarding  the  research. We  need  research.  This  is  the  presentation. So  we  work  with  the  star ADAS  that  is  in  the  Waha  headquarters, and  we  organise  a  meeting on  February  on  2021,  my  birthday, and  we  work  in the  prioritisation  of research  areas  for  Finch's  health. And  we  apply  they  apply  the  working  group, a  survey  to  try  to identify  the  expertise  across  the  topics. And  we  had  people working  on  biosecurity,  diagnostic, epidemiology,  bacteriology,  et  cetera, and  we  apply  the  survey. And  the  results  of  the  survey  were fundamental  mainly  four  main  sections, fin  fish,  mollusk,  crustacean, amphibians,  and  we address  transversal  issues. And  well,  you  know, we  have  a  lot  of  expertise, maybe  the  amphibians  is a  challenge.  We  don't  have. We  are  planning  to  work  on  amphibians, and  we  don't  have  experts. So  if  you  are  expert, please  contact  me  after the  meeting  because  we need  some  kind  of  information. And  we  try  to  identify the  most  important  pathogenic  agents for  salt  water  disease, for  seawater  disease, and  for  freshwater  disease. And  you  can  see  Vibrio  is the  main  pathogenic  agents, the  most  risk  maybe  in  the  shrimp  industry, mainly  crustacean  industry  in  other  industry. And  the  second,  it  was  nod  virus,  Noda  virus. ISA  virus  is  a  salmon  disease. Tennessevculon  is  maybe  not is  an  opportunistic  pathogen. And  we  have  a  streptococcus  in  Talbia. Gill  diseases  is  very common  in  salmon  industry. And  BHS  is  a  viral  disease, notifiable  diseases,  I  virus  and  uronas. And  you  can  see  the  freshwater  diseases. So  I  put  this  slide  to show  you  in  that  case,  for  example, for  the  P  Ricketia  salmons, is  not  listed  disease, but  we  know  is  a  disease appearing  in  other  countries in  Canada,  in  Norway. And  you  can  see  it  was  a  disease relevant  for  the  study to  prioritise  the  research. And  also,  it  includes some  needs  in  the  vaccination. This  is  the  last  column, vaccination  need,  and also  about  the  diagnostic. And  I  think  the  people maybe  we  need  more  than  vaccination. We  need  to  put  the  characterization  of the  different  the  pathogen in  that  case.  Yeah. The  result  this  is  the  information. I  don't  have  enough  time, and  these  are  the  results. Well,  the  first  prioration is  about  epidemiology  and  control  strategy. Highest  research  priority  areas  mainly to  increase  understanding  of host  pathogen  environment. You  know,  this  was  prioritise  research  for sustainable  control  strategy, optimization  of  biosecurity. So  first  item, biosecurity  and  epidemiologic  investigation. The  second  issue  prioritised, it  was  diagnostic. High  mainly  EDNA, for  example,  rapid  diagnostic, artificial  intelligence to  use  in  the  diagnostic, develop  validation of  a  screening  test  including  for  MIR. It  was  very  relevant  also. And  the  third  issue prioritised  was  vaccination. It  was  a  key  point  in  aquaculture  related with  the  different  vaccines, the  immune  response, develop  the  authorization  for vaccine  and  also autonal  vaccines  in  aquaculture, autoinal  vaccines  are  very useful  to  control  the  outbreaks. Eso  Alexia  in  Colombia was  a  very  good  example  of  that  of  that. And  the  third  issue, it  was  related  with  the  treatment with  the  therapeiotic. F  in  the  alternative to  antimicrobial  products, focus  in  the  use  investigate,  for  example, other  antimicrobials  not  used  in  humans, disease, alternative  disease  management,  For  example, use  of  private,  Prius, and  also  POs,  other  different  alternative, foetal  medicine,  et  cetera. So  we  put  this  information in  a  policy  brief  that  is  in  the  web  page. I  put  the  er so  you  can  see the  information  in  this  document. We  have  the  three  documents available  in  the  presentations. And  sorry,  but  I forget  mention  because  I put  in  my  other  presentation, the  main  challenge  for  the  commission now  in  May  was it  will  be  the  general  session. And  in  that  date,  at  the  end  of  May, we  will  approve  the  new  standard, and  we  have  four  new  standard  for  implement. One  is  about  emergency  disease  preparedness. The  other  is  about  outbreak  management, and  the  third  is  about genetic  material  standard  for the  genetic  material  for  trade, especially  milk. It's  not  included  in  our  standard. It  isn't  a  standard  thinking in  salmon  industry, but  could  be  useful  in Tapia  also  in  the  future. And  the  fourth  standard I  like  is  my  favourite. It's  about  ornamental  aquatic animal  standard  for  the  movement. Is  a  risk  analysis focusing  the  different  risk considered  in  the  process to  import  aquatic  animals. And  I  invite  you  to  check  maybe  Fernandoz  in my  presentation  for  to  check the  information  available  about  compartment. We  need  your  expertise, and  the  deadline  to  send  comment to  the  commission  is  until  July  of  this  year. This  standard  will  be analysed  during  this  year, and  maybe  hopefully  we will  approve  next  year. On  May,  on  the  next  general  session. So,  you  know,  we  have  a  lot  of  information. We  have  a  very  interesting scientific  measure  that  we  recommend, but  we  need  the  expertise. If  you  can  attend the  general  session could  be  very  interesting, a  very  interesting  open for  the  public  sector. Ashley  Loreto  will  be part  of  the  Chilean  delegation. It's  a  private  sector,  salmon  industry. She  will  be  present in  the  next  general  session. So  finally,  I  invite  you  to  work  as  Suman. I  don't  know  exactly  translation. You  know,  the  carmen  are a  lot  of  fishes.  A  lot  yes. A  lot  of  fishes,  you know,  they  are  organised. They  are  they  have  commitment  between  them, and  they  are  focused  in  the  goal. So  I  invite  you. We  are  very  happy  to continue  working  with  you  for a  better  aquatic  animal  health in  aquatic  animal.  Thank  you  very  much. Thank  you,  Alyssa.  And  sorry  to hassle  you  on  time  when  you've  come  so far  and  you  have  such  an  important  message, but  we  have  Fernando's  very ambitious  schedule  to  keep  to. So  I'm  going  to,  without  further  ado, ask  Sandy  Mary  to  come  up  and  continue. Sandy  leads  the  epidemic  epidemiology  group at  Marine  Scotland  Science, and  his  work  has  been  hugely  influential  on Scottish  government  and  others in  developing  policy.  Sandy. Okay.  Thanks  very  much. Yes,  I'm  sorry,  it  says. I'm  going  to  talk about  a  blue  economy  view  of salmon  fying  priorities  and looking  at  it  from  the  point of  view  of  the  Scottish  government, but  not  officially  being the  Scottish  government  here. Um  So  I  work  for  the  Marine  Dirtate. So  what's  the  Marine  Directorate? Marine  Directorate  is  the  part of  the  Scottish  government  that is  responsible  for the  integrated  management  of  Scotland  seat. And  that  statement  is top  on  on  their  website, but  it  always  upsets  people  who work  in  Pit  Lockery  in the  freshwater  lab  and includes  groups working  on  marine  environment  policy. Marine  economy  and  communities, corporate  operations,  and  SAD, and  SD  is  who  I  want  to  talk  about  because SED  is  the  science evidence,  data  and  digital. And  this  is  provides the  scientific  advice to  support  MD  functions. And  that  involves  renewables  and oncology  that's  offshore  winds  basically, marine  fisheries  fish  quotas  and  so  forth, climate  change,  biodiversity,  ecosystems, and  Marine  analytical  unit, which  provides  statistics for  the  government  analysis. But  there  are  two  groups which  I  would  want  to  talk  to  about  our  work, which  are  specifically  linked  to  aquaculture. One  is  the  aquaculture, fish  Health  and  Biosecurity  Group, which  involves  the  official government  fish  health  inspectors as  a  major  part  of  it. It  has  a  diagnostic  laboratories  to  test samples  sent  looking for  particularly  notifiable  diseases. Our  biosecurity, which  is  essentially  what  was  being discussed  in  the  last  talk is  about  the  risk  from imports  and  trade  in  fish. And  we  maintain  an  aquarium  in  which experimental  work  can  be  done  on fish  diseases  of  high  level  biosecurity. Um,  and  then  the  other  group  is the  salmon  and  freshwater  fisheries. Now,  their  main  role  is  salmon  ecology, that's  wild  salmon  ecology and  monitoring  of  populations, but  also  aquaculture interactions  with  wild  fish as  part  of  one  of  a  large  number of  pressures  that  occur, particularly  on  wild  salmon  and  sea  trout. And  for  reasons  of  history, it's  also  where  the  aquaculture official  statistics are  collected. And  there  are  many  other  areas, so  I  said  that  are also  involved  in  sciences of  value  to  aquaculture, such  as  work  on  harmful  algal  blooms, oceanography  and dispersal  oceanographic  dispersal. And  the  offshore  wind  farms  collect a  huge  amount  of  data because  they're  well  funded. So  yeah,  the  main  components  of Scottish  aquaculture  is overwhelmingly  Atlantic  salmon, but  there  is  also  farming  of  rainbow  trout, mussels,  oysters,  and  some  scallops. So  there  are  a  number  of  legal  drivers that  got  behind  government  policies. The  fundamental  and  earliest  job of  the  marine  laboratory  before  it  was even  a  marine  director  before  there  was even  a  Scottish  government was  the  control  of notifi  and  emerging  diseases, which  was  first  established  in the  Disease  of  Fish  Act  of  1937. That  act,  of  course,  is  now  history, but  a  whole  raft of  regulations  have  come  since, but  the  main  one  is  the Aquaculture  Animal  Health  Scotland regulation  of  2009. Which  itself  is  based upon  retained  EU  legislation, and  that  becomes  very  complicated as  the  original  as both  the  EU  and GB  regulations  depart  from  each  other. So  it  can  get very  complicated  in  the  wording, even  though  the  aims  are pretty  similar  from  my  point  of  view. This  is  the  Farm  Fish  Health  Framework, which  looked at  protecting  farmed  fish  health, looking  particularly  at  mortality, climate  change,  and  treatment  of  farmed  fish. And  that's  got  a  working  group that's  still  working  on  a  ten  year  plan. This  is  the  Scottish  wild  salmon  strategy, which,  as  I  mentioned, aims  at  protecting  wild  salmon, and  two  of  the  pressures  on that  are  associated  with  aquaculture. That's  introgression  from  escaped  fish and  the  spread  of sea  life  between  farm  and  wild  fish. There  are  other  pathogens that  could  potentially  be  spread, but  they  seem  to  be  a  much  more  minor  issue. Um,  and  on  the  same  year, the  blue  economy,  and the  blue  economy  is,  I  think, a  really  useful  way  of  thinking about  aquaculture  and  all  other  uses  of the  marine  environment  because it  aims  to  identify the  most  optimal  system where  multiple  stakeholders, different  capacity  environment,  society  and the  economy  all  are  balanced  against each  other  to  provide  the  most, um,  optimal  well, not  perhaps  the  most  optimal  for  individuals, but  the  role  where  everybody  can  benefit. And  a  couple  of  other  points, that  the  sea  Life  Risk  Assessment  Framework is  now  being  implemented  by  SEPA, which  is  about  looking  at sea  life  transmission  from  farm  to  wild  fish. It  was  first  implemented last  year  and  is  still  developing. And  the  rural  Affairs  and  Islands  Committee of  the  Scott  Part  has  very  recently  reported. And  again,  mortality  on  farms, the  quality  of  data  that's  available. Cleaner  fish  and  sea  lice are  concerns  of  that  report. So  these  are  all  issues that  provide  policy  drivers. So  the  science  that comes  from  these  drivers,  well, understanding  the  emergence  and  spread  of disease  is  really  critical. Reduction  of  mortality,  that's a  little  bit  of  an  apple  pie  state, and  we  all  want  to  reduce  mortality. So  that  goal  needs  to  be broken  down  into  more  specific  sub  goals, but  that  is  certainly a  key  driver  of science  goal  is  to  reduce  mortality  on  farms, sea  life  management,  cleaner  fish, more  efficient  use  and  cleaner  fish  welfare. The  quality  of  data  and the  presentation  of  data, climate  change  and  the  impact of  that  on  diseases  and harmful  algal  blooms  are all  areas  that  are major  driven  by  government  policy  needs. And  here's  a  couple  of  examples. This  is  the  of why  understanding  disease  spread is  a  really  complex  problem. One  is  on  the  left  is  the  GB  sal  oned contact  structure  network  linking  farms  of salmon  and  trout  together through  a  variety  of  contacts  movements, transfer  through the  environment  and  so  forth. And  that  leads  to an  extremely  complex  network through  which  diseases  can  spread. The  other  is  the  environment is  in  a  state  of  change  with a  a  notably  warming  trend in  the  marine  environment. Resources,  we  have  access  to  data. There  is  a  really  quite  broad  and  useful  data set  in  Scotland's  aquarculture  website. It  has  its  problems,  and  it certainly  is  a  matter that's  being  discussed  a  lot  at  the  moment, but  it  is  quite  a  rich  data  set for  finding  out  about what's  going  on  in  the  aquaculture  industry. We  have  detailed  reports, fish  health  inspector  reports for  reported  disease  outbreaks, which  are  not  representative. They  are  they're  only applied  when  there  is  a  specific  problem, so  they're  not  representative of  the  industry  as  a  whole. There's  fieldwork  data. There's  a  bunch  of  data,  for  example, on  sea  lice  data  on  central  cages. There's  the  network  data  that  was  used  to create  the  uh  the  contact  structure  map, and  official  statistics,  and there's  an  example  is the  production  of  Scottish  salmon. We  have  access,  as  I  mentioned, to  aquaria  in  both  the  marine  and the  freshwater  lab  and labs  associated  with  diagnostic  work, and  we  have  vessels which  allow  offshore  work. Also,  because of  the  links  to  government  policy, research  can  be  made  more relevant  and  more  applied. But  we've  always  favoured a  collaborative  approach to  looking  at  research, and  a  couple  of  examples  that  I would  mention  here  are the  salmon  parasites  in  Lillian  or  Schuna, which  we're  looking  at  improving sea  life  models  by  bringing together  the  sea  life  models of  marine  directorates, academics,  in  that  case, in  this  case,  Sam,  and  industry  Maui, and  by  comparing  them  with a  specific  data  set  that  they're  We sought  to  improve  and understand  and  share understanding  between  different  stakeholders. And  a  very  short  project, but  one  which  has  been  very  productive, thanks  to  Mave  here  is the  Salmon  Aquarculture  Validate for  ectoparasite  dispersal, which  has  been  looking  at creating  baselines  for measuring  our  benchmarking  of models  and  is  developing, even  after  it's  finished, an  ensemble  approach  where  we're trying  to  provide  Well, fish  trying  to  develop  methods  for  bringing together  multiple  different  models  to provide  an  improved  prediction over  any  single  model. This  is  an  approach  that's obviously  widely  used  in  things  like weather  prediction  and  fisheries  assessments. But  we've  been  taking into  fish  health  and specifically  the  sea  life  dispersion  model. And  another  activity  we  have been  found  very  productive is  a  gap  analysis  through  workshops, particularly,  we  had  a  workshop  at  Mass  where we  looked  at  the  gaps  in  sea  life  modelling, got  the  views  of  multiple different  stakeholders. And  from  that,  we  have  been  able  to identify  quite  usefully  to refine  where  work  needs  to  be  done. We've  always  made  it  a  point  in all  of  these  areas  to  work with  partners  in  industry, academics,  and  people  like Fisheries  Management  Scotland, which  is  the  wild  fisheries  body. Um,  now,  I've  been  talking  in  general  terms, but  the  Marine  Director  is  preparing a  report  on  areas  of  research  interest. This  is  being  led  by the  Chief  Scientist  Marine, which  is  Mark  Iall  and  Sam's. Now,  this  report  is  still  in  development, but  consultations on  marine  and  freshwater  ARI have  been  carried  out, and  clearly  areas  that  I've  been discussing  areas  like  mortality on  farms,  harmful  algal  blooms, sea  liice  dispersal  are  all  going to  be  continuing  research  priorities, but  it's  still  in  development, so  I  can't  I  can't give  anything  specific  at  this  stage. So  these  are  my  conclusion. Scottish  government  supports a  sustainable  aquaculture  aquaculture  growth within  a  blue  economy. And  so  the  aim  is  always  to optimise  the  balance  of different  stakeholders  interests. And  this,  of  course, requires  informed  policy. S  provides  the  scientific  advice behind  this  policy  partly through  our  own  work. This  is  very  much  supported  by collaborations  and  commissioned  reviews. So  networking  is  critical, and  that's  that's  my  conclusion. Excellent.  Thank  you. That's  three  speakers  and a  huge  range  of  topics  and  a  lot of  thought  provoking  stuff  which  we don't  really  have  time  to have  any  questions  on. But  hopefully,  the  idea  today is  that  it  will  generate  discussions across  a  whole  range of  stakeholders  in  time  to  come. So  next,  a  man  who  I'm  sure needs  no  introduction  on this  campus,  Nick  Quade, the  group  leader  for  aquaculture  genetics at  the  Roslyn, who,  at  my  level  of  introduction, does  really  clever  oromics. Thanks  for  having.  So  I've probably  also  been  a  little  bit  optimistic with  the  amount  of  content  I've  put  in  here. So  I'll  probably  skip  over a  few  things  in  the  interest  of  time  and  give hopefully  Jorge  a  chance  to show  some  of  the  things that  he  wants  to  show. I'm  going  to  try  and cover  some  of  these  topics  and  then eventually  focus  on  this  project we  call  Salmo  Strong. Drivers  of  salmon  robustness  or  resilience. We  would  use  those  interchangeably, and  that's  really  the  thing  that  we're trying  to  understand  is  what  are those  genetic  drivers  I probably  do  need some  introduction  on  this  campus. I've  only  been  here  for  about  two  years. I  came  from  Australia,  so 15  years  background  with  CSRO, the  government  agency  there worked  on  a  lot  of  different  species, mainly  around  pigmentation  and that  interaction  with  genetics. But  I  worked  a  lot  with  salmon  and thermal  stress  where  the  conditions  in Australia  are  exceeding their  thermal  tolerance  limits. And  SRS  is  there, so  they  are  also going  to  have  some  issues  with  that. But  coming  to  Easter  Bush, this  is  really  what  we're trying  to  show  is  that  and showcase  that  this  is a  unified  veterinary  teaching, clinical  services,  and  research  campus. So  you  might  recognise  where  you  are. You're  sitting  in  this  adic  teaching  building Acros  the  road  is the  Rosen  Institute  where  I'm  from, and  the  Rosin  Innovation  Centre. But  you'll  see  dotted  around  the  campus, there  are  also  other  national  facilities, the  national  Avian  research  and large  animal  research  facilities. And  just  missing  off  this  map  is the  Mordern  Scientific  or modern  Research  Institute, plus  campuses  of  SIUC and  other  technology  parks. So  this  is  a  really  unique place  as  far  as  the  UK is  concerned  for  this  sort  of research,  innovation  and  teaching. The  rosin  itself,  you might  know  from  Dolly  the  sheep and  has  many  a  long  history in  pioneering  animal  bioscience. It  does  this  across these  two  strategic  programmes. So  genes  and  traits  for  healthy  animals being  understanding  their  genome and  how  it's  organised, and  then  prevention  and  control  is more  focused  on  the  pathogen  itself, host  pathogen  interaction  and epidemiological  modelling of  those  interactions. But  it's  supported  by the  BBSRCs  strategic  funding, which  enables  a  whole  host  of  things  to  occur within  the  research  setting that's  not possible  at  any  other  organisation. So  the  aquaculture  group  as  a  broad  area, there  are  now  six  aquaculture group  leaders  with  their  names  up  there. So  there's  a  lot  of projects  going  on  actively, ten  to  15  students, all  of  these  broad  research  areas where  we're  really  trying  to focus  on  three  parts  of  it. So  fundamental  biology  being areas  of  the  genome, how  the  genome  is  organised, exactly  what  we're  talking  about, the  function  of  those  parts  of the  genome,  how  they're  behaving. Some  of  the  technology  development, whether  we're  developing  new  snip arrays  for  a  new  species, tissue  culture  is  a  major  one that  we  would  like  to  get  more  on  the  agenda. Innovative  research  tools  like single  cell  RNA  seek that  I'll  talk  a  little  bit  about. But  also  translating those  into  industry  through marker  assisted  selection or  genomic  breeding  initiatives, and  how  can  we  actually  use those  to  have  impact  in  the  real  world? But  it's  not  just  the  Roslyn. We're  starting  to  amalgamate a  whole  group  of  researchers  across the  three  different  institutes  that  have an  interest  in  aquatic animal  health  and  science. So  a  lot  of  those  are  here today  along  with the  other  aqua  group  leaders. So  thanks  for  coming  along. The  facilities  we've  been focused  mainly  on  three  areas. So  the  aquaculture  genetics  research  facility or  AGRF  is  mainly  targeting cell  monid  species  and  that  link  between gene  editing  technologies and  disease  resistance. Setup  by  Ross  Houston  in  his  days  here  and Diego  Robledo  and  others  in the  group  use  this  mainly  for  cell  monoids. Hopefully,  this  will  extend  from freshwater  into  seawater  fish  very  shortly. A  new  thing  for  the  campus  is an  aquatic  invertebrate  system that  can  do  pathogen challenges  for  both  uh  shrimp and  mollusks,  I  shouldn't  call  them. My  group  is  going  to say  that  I  call  them  prawns. They're  prawns,  not  shrimp. But  that  covers  a  range  of species  cold  and  temperate,  tropical, and  we're  refurbishing  a  range  of  rooms  that will  expand  the  facility  into  zebrafish, carp  and  tilapia  through  one  of the  group  leaders  that's  just come  here,  Maria  Fonza. So  lots  going  on  on  the  campus. Lots  of  facilities  to  be able  to  do  disease  challenge  and epilological  work  across  multiple  species. Now,  that  core  funding  that  I  mentioned  from the  strategic  programme  also  funds a  lot  of  platforms  that  the  Roslyn  operates. So  everything  from  genomics, proteomics  and  metabolomics across  the  genomics  cascade. So  these  are  centralised  facilities with  state  of  the  art  equipment  and the  support  to  undergo the  analysis  and  interpretation of  the  data  that  you're  looking  at. We  have  on  site  experts  in  aquatic  pathology, but  then  you've  got  all  the  bioimaging and  advanced  imaging  systems  that  go  with  it. Feel  very  lucky  to  work  at  a  campus  like this  based  on  all  of  those  facilities. I  wanted  to  rush  through  several  examples  of Rozin  research that  I  have  not  been  involved  in, but  just  to  showcase  what  we  can  do. Diego  Robledo  now  leads the  group  that  Ross  Houston  was  involved  with and  some  of  this  work  really sets  out  to  understand  what  part  of the  genome  is  involved  in true  resistance  to  viral  infection. This  is  just  a  classical  example of  how  you  would  do  that in  refining  an  area  on  this  Manhattan  plot. You  see  large  peaks, meaning  that  the  snip  marker is  coming  up  with a  gene  and  a  formative  gene. You  have  to  keep  searching  in ever  greater  detail  to  find  the  part  of the  genome  and  the  gene that  you  might  be  interested. That  also  requires  you  to  do  gene editing  likely  in  cell  culture  systems. So  we  have  a  range  of  cell  culture  models  and viral  infection  models that  hopefully  leads  to a  result  like  this  where  you can  show  eventually  in vivo  complete  eradication  of viral  infection  through  something  like  this. So  there's  a  host  of examples  of  this across  many  different  diseases, not  just  IPNV  that  I'm  showing  here. The  other  one,  Dan  McQueen  and  I are  co  supervising  a  student,  Carl  Milton. So  we're  starting  to understand  with  salmon  that embryonic  temperature  is  having a  huge  impact  on  its  later  life  history. So  very  early embryological  pre  hatching  stages are  very  sensitive  to  things mechanical  and  temperature  sensitive. And  Karl  here  is  then  using  some of  after  they've  been  reared at  equal  temperatures, analysing  the  par  themselves and  using  single  cell  technologies, trying  to  dissect the  immune  system  into  what  you see  here  are  some  hepatidocyte  cell  clusters that  are  showing unique  expression  profiles  based  on the  embryological  set  that they  went  through  in  the  beginning. That  also  results  in  a  difference  in the  way  they  survive  pathogen  challenge. So  we  want  to  explore this  in  much  greater  detail. Dan  also  has  a  PhD  student,  Birdie  Knight, who's  using  genomic  technologies  to  look  at variants  of  emerging  unknown  diseases. So  what  you  can  do  there  is  start  to assemble  classical  trees.  As  you  see  here. Novel  variants  emerge  out of  those  that  could  be  ones  of  concern, particularly  for  IPNV  ones that  are  avoiding  some  of the  other  mechanisms  that  we  have like  selectable  markers that  might  show  resistance. We  can  track  exactly  where that  outbreak  might  have  come  from  and  how it's  moving  throughout  the  environment through  some  of  these  genetic  techniques. K  Shan  Pardwell  is  also in  Dan  McQueen's  group. She's  been  very  interested  in  authage. So  with  the  inception  of more  environmentally  sustainable  oils, we're  reducing  fish  oils  in  the  diets, but  it's  also  making  the  fish  much fattier  and  showing  that  if  you can  induce  a  process  called  autophage  which is  actually  starting  to  use that  fat  for  energy, that  you  can  start  to  activate the  immune  system  and you'll  start  to  see  that there  are  some  effects  on health  and  how  they  perform. To  immune  challenge. Lots  of  exciting  work  here  in collaboration  with  Sterling  and  it involves  feed  additives  that  can stimulate  an  animal  in  vivo, but  also  cell  culture  work  initially. I  wanted  to  quickly  showcase the  fact  that  the  group does  this  in  invertebrates, where  there's some  more  challenging  conditions  for the  assembly  of  those  genomes. So  not  only  prawns  here, but  mollusks,  we  can do  these  disease  challenges, and  Alex  Florea  was  then  doing white  sppot  infection  and  dissecting the  tissue  effects  within  some of  the  using  this  past  bioscience  workflow that  the  teams  have  been developing  to  understand  how whitespot  is  affecting  prawns and  therefore  looking  for  gene editing  targets  of  whitespot. And  Tim  Beans  group also  does  a  lot  of  work  in  development of  rapid  diagnostics  and pathogen  detection  kits, which  is  really  changing the  landscape  for  being  able to  monitor  those  pathogens out  into  the  future. So  having  rushed  through  all  of  that, I'll  just  show  you  some  of the  largest  aquaculture  project  that  the  UK has  funded  just  to  run through  a  couple  of  ideas, and  thanks  to  Andrew  for allowing  me  not  to  go  over  all  of the  health  challenges  that salmon  are  experiencing  in  the  environment. But  these  are  some  of  the  key  ones  that we've  partnered  with  Mai  as  part of the  BBSRC  Prosperity  Partnership  Programme. And  the  key  areas  here  is  to really  solidify  and  shore up  the  supply  of  eggs into  this  country  and  really  start selecting  populations  based  on the  conditions  in  which those  animals  are  grown. CGD  or  complex  gill  disease, it's  not  just  one  pathogen, it's  viruses,  it's  bacteria, it's  parasites,  and  it's  physical  injury. So  we  really  need  broad  mechanisms to  help  those  fish deal  with  those  challenges, maybe  recover  more  quickly. Cardac  health  is not  much  of  a  different  story. Chronic  inflammation  may  be linked  to  diets  as  well and  nutrition  in  history, life  history,  and  how we're  connecting  those  things  together. SRS,  as  we've  mentioned, is  really  a  pathogen  of real  concern  due  to these  extra  strains  that are  popping  up  around  the  place. So  this  project  is really  based  around  trying  to  address some  of  the  challenges  that  we  see in  seawater  farming  phase. So  we've  optimistically said  that  we  would  reduce that  by  50%  within  the  next  decade. So  I  don't  know whether  you  added  together  some  of Andrew's  statistics  that's  been  elevated  to more  than  20%  mortality  for the  last  three  or  four  years in  the  seawater  phase  of  farming. And  we  don't  think  you  can  do  this through  just  one  innovation  alone, but  we're  trying  to  set  it  up  so  that  all  of these  parts  of  the  life cycle  are  integrated  together. One  major  approach  is  to leverage  the  strengths  of  the  Roselin  to understand  how  we  capture and  exploit  the  diversity  within the  breeding  population  that is  generating  in  Scotland. And  we're  going  to  take  a  pan genomic  approach  to  do  that, a  different  way  in  understanding  how the  genome  is  the  variation within  the  genome  is  found, and  then  hopefully  reveal  some  of these  variants  that  are causing  some  of  these  diseases. We  also  want  to  explore more  of  that  early  development  effect, but  translate  that  across multiple  phases  of  the  salmon  life  cycle. That  doesn't  just  mean  embryolic  temperature, but  also  means  vaccine  history, smallification,  and  this  longer  period of  rearing  in  freshwater. How  are  all  of those  phases  connected  together? We  also  think  we  need  more  tools  to  develop some  of  these  indicators of  optimal  perturbed  health, and  there  are  new  ways of  dissecting  this  idea  of robustness  or  resilience into  its  component  parts, which  is  resistance, infectivity  and  tolerance, doing  a  lot  of  modelling, epidemiological  modelling  to  dissect  that. Now,  this  can't  be  done without  a  group  of  talented  people, and  I'm  hoping  that  Jorge  has the  chance  to  showcase  one  part  of  this about  how  we're  training  the next  generation  of  vets  to be  more  competent  in  some  of these  things  in  aquatic  history, particularly,  but  there's  also  the  ability  to do  that  across  multiple  levels,  postdoc, either  from  university  going  to academia  or  vice  versa, and  a  strong  engagement of  the  community  in  science  and  how science  is  coming  overcoming  some  of the  challenges  that  salmon  are  experiencing. So  I  mentioned  we  only  just  got  this  funding, and  it's  a  new  programme. The  only  livestock  species that's  in  the  partnership  programme, I'm  proud  to  say  is  a  salmon P.  I  don't  think  May  is  much  of  a  gambler, so  they  obviously  see  that  there's  a  lot  of strength  in  this  sort of  thing,  although,  you  know, the  headlines  are  saying  that  this  investment that  you  do,  as  Andrew  pointed  out, is  an  investment  in  the  future  and an  investment  in  the  actual animals  that  you're  culturing. And  So  it's  based on  these  three  science  pillars as  I  went  through, and  it's  got  an industry  and  an  academic  lead, and  then  people  integrated throughout  that  at  all  sorts  of  levels. So  we're  really  hoping  to find  a  really  big  core  team. All  of  the  red  positions  here  are  yet  to  be recruited  or  are  in  the  process  of  doing  so. And  it's  underlying these  talent  and  people  group  that,  again, so  I'm  hoping  that  Jorge  gets  the  chance  if I  don't  keep  talking, that  he  can  say  something. So  I'm  going  to  skip this  because  you  can  talk  to  us  a  bit more  about  how  we're  going  to  do these  approaches  with  advanced  genetics. We're  going  to  join  together  all  of these  different  phases  of the  rearing  environment with  embryonic  temperature. We're  going  to  do  this  at  a  huge  scale so  that  we  can  relate  that all  back  to  how these  things  are  regulated at  the  genetic  level, and  then  develop  some  of these  new  tools  to  try  and understand  what  it  all means  from  a  fish  point  of  view. So  I  might  skip  this  one  as  well because  I've  probably  covered everything  that  we've  got  there, but  to  really  inspire the  next  generation  across multiple  levels  of  how aquaculture  can  work  alongside  Um, so  I  just  wanted  to more  broadly  from  a  research  perspective, we're  really  focused  on  trying  to understand  the  cell  specific  changes, and  I  think  this  technology, the  single  cell  RNA  seek technology  is  really  starting  to help  us  dissect  the  immune  system, how  it's  functioning,  legacy effects  that  we're  applying in  all  sorts  of  areas, and  Rose  will  be  happy to  hear  that  we're  still  using  it  a  lot. Everyone's  using  it,  based on  the  work  that  you  started  doing. We're  also  starting  to understand  that  connection  between multiple  life  history  phases. So  what  do  we  need? We  need  more  tools,  and we're  really  trying  to switch  that  idea  to  prevention  over  cure. So  some  sort  of  health focused  rather  than  disease  focused. So  we  really  want  to  understand  we're  picking the  best  fish  because  they're  going to  perform  the  best  in  the  environment. They  should  never  see  disease, and  that's  not  to  say  that  other aspects  biosecurity  is  all of  these  things  are  fundamental to  prevention  and  vaccination. But  we  can  also  use  some  of these  genetic  technologies  to  be  able to  pick  which  ones are  going  to  perform  the  best. The  only  other  thing  I  wanted  to mention  was  precision  breeding. Obviously,  it's  an  area  that Rosalind  is  involved  in  a  huge  way, but  we  don't  currently  have a  mechanism  by  which  we can  see  those  innovations coming  out  into  industry. The  regulations  are  not  in  place, so  if  we  managed  to find  some  of  the  work  that the  team  does  on  sea  lice  resistance, could  we  transfer  technology or  understanding  from  one  species  to  another? Does  that  mean  it's  genetically modified  or  can  we  just  do some  minor  base  edits  in  order  to  have a  major  impact  on  a  trait? We  can  do  these  things  in  a  research  setting, but  we're  some  distance away  from  having  those  come out  into industry.  I'm  going  to  leave  it  there. I  have  no  idea  how  long  S  Great  Nick, thanks  for  a  very,  very  exciting  project, which  hopefully  will  help my  way  keep  up  with the  best  salmon  farming  companies. I'm  going  to  switch  now  back  to our  very  impressive  Chilean  delegation here  today  and  introduce  Loretto  Seguel, who  is  president  of the  Chilean  Salmon  Council with  a  very  impressive  CV, both  in  government,  in the  civic  and  in  the  public  sector. So  I'm  not  going  to  say  more. I'm  going  to  let  you introduce  yourself  the  letter. Thank  you  very  much.  Okay. So  first,  hello,  everybody. Thanks  for  this  opportunity, this  invitation,  Fernando. I  don't  know,  where  are  you? Okay.  Thank  you. And  for  us,  it's  very  important  to  be  here. And  maybe  at  first, let  me  make  a  reflection. It's  about  that  some some  quote  that  Andrew  show  us, and  maybe  we  are  in  the  Oh, first,  let  me  present  the  Salmon  Council. So  I  forgot  that.  So  Salmon  Council is  very  important  because  why  I  am  here. Salmon  Council  is the  association  that  represents that  salmon  farming  companies  in Chile  that  produce  and export  salmon  to  all  the  world. So,  for  us,  after  copper, salmon  is  the  second  product most  exported  to  the  world, and  for  us,  it's  very  important and  it's  very  important  to the  south  of  Chile. Yeah.  So  in  my  case, I'm  the  president  of  the  Salmon  Council, and  I'm  here,  and  today  I'm with  two  person  that  maybe  is  Natalia. Natalia  is  taking  a  photo  now. So  she  is  the  Director  of com  the  Director  of communication  in  the  Salmon  Council, and  Alicia  is  very  important  for  us. I  know  that  today she  is  a  very  important  person. She  is  a  president  of the  Commission  of  Aquatic  in  the  WA. So,  for  us,  we  are  very  proud  that  she's a  Chilean  professional  that have  a  lot  of  experience, and  for  us,  we  are  very  proud  that  she is  in  that  position  now because  aquaculture  for  us  is  very  important, and  I  know  that  for  you,  too. So  first,  I  want  to  make a  reflection  is  about  Andrew  show  a  quote. So  when  I  saw  the  quote, I  was  thinking  that you  are  in  the  north  of  the  world, we  are  in  the  South  of  the  world. Maybe  we  are  in  the  opposite  pole, but  we  have  the  same  quote,  for  example. It's  about  health  and  welfare  and welfare  is  the  first  priority  for  any  farmer. For  us,  is  the  same. So  maybe  sometimes  we  can  feel  very  far  away, but  we  are  very  close. So  that  is  very  important  because the  reason  that  for  us is  very  important  to  be  here. I  know  that  after  all  of  this  presentation, we  have  many  common  challenge, and  this  is  very  important. And  today, the  aquaculture  is  not  only important  for  the  present, is  very  important  for  the  future. And  we  don't  say  that, it's  said  by  FAO. They  talk  about  gluten  transformation. It's  not  about  the  salmon industry  that  talk  about  this. It's  about  FAO. So  for  us,  it's  very  important. We  are  working  with  FAO  in  Chile, and  the  blue  transformation  is  maybe a  concept  that  we  can  work  together. So  let's  go  to the  presentation,  but  at  first, I'm  not  going  to  be  part  of this  presentation  or  this  session. But  when  I  watch  the  I  don't  have  the  name, but  I  realised  that the  name  of  this  session  is about  the  priority  in a  fish  industry  about  research. So  in  that  moment,  I realised  that  for  us  it's  very  important to  take  some  minutes  and  show  you  what  we  are doing  in  these  topics  because, for  example,  for  us, all  the  time  we  talk  about the  private  sector,  public  sector, But  for  the  salmon  industry in  Chile  and  for  the  Salmon  Council, it's  very  important  all the  work  together  with  the  science, with  the  academy,  with the  research  and  researchers  and give  us  a  very important  and  important  pillar. So  I  want  to  show  you  in a  few  minutes  what  we are  doing  with  the  academy, with  the  universities  in  Chile, and  this  is  a  very  important  way  for  us. And  first,  for  example, We  are  working,  for  example, with  the  Centre  of  Reference  CASA, is  part  of  the  WOA  World Organisation  for  Animal  Health, and  we  have  a  partner  with  the  Centre of  antimicrobial  stewardship  in  aquaculture. And  for  us,  it's  very  important  about antimicrobial  use and  international  collaboration. For  example,  this  is  very important  because  WOA  is  important. Alicia  is  a  president of  one  of  that  commission,  and  the  centre, CASA,  is  in  a  very  important  university in  Chile  is  a  Chile  university. So,  for  us,  we  want  to  yeah,  yeah. You  studied  there? Yeah,  very  good.  Yeah. So  we  are  very  proud to  take  these  agreements. So  for  example,  we have  another  case  or  example. We  are  working  with  ICA  about  animal  welfare, and  this  is  aquaculture  research, and  for  us,  it's  very  important. It's  in  the  South  of  Chile. So  this  is  in  relation with  another  university. The  first  is  the  Chile  University. So  in  this  case,  it's another  university  that  is in  the  South  of  Chile. Another  case,  for  example, It  raising  awareness  about the  nutritional  value  of  eating  salmon. So  in  our  case, or  I  know  that  you  know  that, we  are  commitment  to  ensure  the  highest  level of  food  safety  and validate  the  quality  levels. For  us,  we  don't  have  to  say  that the  salmon have  the  highest  nutritional  value. I  know  that  we  know that  but  we  need  to  work  with a  specific  university  that can  give  us  the  certification  of  that. So  for  us,  it's  very  important. So  we  are  working  to  them, and  this  is  the  first  time  that the  salmon  industry  work with  this  kind  of  institution. Another  case  about  about  feed  ingredients. So  now  we  are  working  in  feed  ingredients because  we  know  that  play an  important  role  in the  efficiency  of  the  salmon  farming. And  today,  that  feed  ingredients provide  a  very  important  health and  growth  to  our  salmon. So  for  example,  today, you  know  that  maybe  ten  years  ago, the  ingredients  have  a  lot of  marine  proteins. But  today,  for  example,  in  Chile, 60%  of  the  ingredients come  from  the  vegetables. And  is  a  result  of  research, development,  innovative  product, innovative  technologies. So  in  that  case,  today, we  are  working  together  not only  with  the  industry,  we  are  working, for  example,  with the  agriculture  organisation  in  Chile. So  we  have  a  specific  agreement  with the  National  Agriculture  Society and  the  Agricultural  Industry  Association. So  this  is  in  the  same  way. This  is  the  first  time that  we  are  working  with salmon  Italian  industry with  agriculture  in  Chile. So  we  are  working  together. It's  not  easy  because  it's  new. We  have  different  way to  think  what  we  are  doing  for  our  industry, but  we  know  that  when  we  have the  60%  of  our  ingredient is  from  vegetable  protein, this  kind  of  agreement  RB  very  important. This  is  very  important  for  you. Today,  we  are  supporting  this  project. It  is  the  beginning. We  are  working  with  Fernando, but  this  is  an  example  for  us about  PPP  is  about public  preve  partnership  and goes  to  work  with  the  academy. So  this  is  an  international. We  are  very  proud  to  support  in this.  It's  the  beginning. We  don't  have  any  it's  the  beginning. I  know  that  for  Fernando's very  important  because  today  we have  a  lot  of way  to  arrange  different  details. But  for  us,  for  example, this  kind  of  organisation  are very  important  if  we  can  work  together. Maybe  for  the  salmon  industry in  Chile,  we  are  so  far, so  sometimes  really  we  feel  very  alone, and  it's  very  difficult  to,  for  example, come  to  here  or  go  out  to  the  Chile. So  we  realise  that this  is  the  way  that  we  can promote  our  industry  and we  continue  increase  our  production. But  together  with  other  organisation, work  and  how  can  minimise  the  impact environmental  and  maintain our  condition  about  healthy  salmon, health  ocean,  and, for  example,  other  conditions. And  the  last,  this is  very  important,  for  example. Look  this.  So  In  Chile, we  are  very  alone. You  are  in  the  North,  you  produce  salmon, but  in  the  south  of  the  world, only  we  produce  salmon. So  maybe  six  months  ago, we  decided  to  go  with  other  countries and  make  some  deals  because  there is  one  concept  that  all  of  countries  about Latin  America  have  the same  is  about  aquaculture. So  in  that  way, we  decided  to  make  an  Latin  America  agreement on  sustainable  aquaculture. So  today,  we  are  working  with Brazil  with  the  Tapia. We  are  working  with  Ecuador  with  shrimp, and  we  are  working  with Peru  and  Colombia  that  they are  producers  of  tilapia and  other  kinds  of  seafood. So  we  are  working  together, and  this  is  a  very  important for  us  because  we  are working  in a  partnership  with  another  association. They  are  association  that  represent different  companies  in  their  countries, and  we  think  that  this  is  kind  of  maybe not  public  Association is  about  private  association, but  all  of  us  are  association  that represent  different  industry, different  company, and  maybe  we  can  share  experience, be  greater  collaborative  and greater  opportunities  to  work  together. So  that  kind  of  example, I  can  show  you  what  we  are  doing in  Chile  in  the  salmon  industry. This.  Thank  you  very  much. Thank  you,  Loretta.  That  was  excellent. I  think  at  a  time  when international  cooperation has  never  been  more  important, it's  just  amazing  that  you've  been  able  to break  your  amazingly punishing  schedule  to  be  here. So  we  much  appreciate  that. Now  we're  going  to  come  back  to  Scotland and  our  speaker,  Andrew  Preston,  Andrew. Um  Thank  you,  Ronnie, can  you  hear  is  a  living  example  of  okay? Bind  us.  Yes.  You're  there. Living  example  of  how  scientists are  embedded  in  the  companies which  are  delivering  fish  health and  welfare  in  Scottish  salmon. So,  Andrew,  if  you're ready  to  go,  I  think  we're  ready  for  you. Yes,  I  am.  Ronnie,  thank you  very  much  for  the  introduction. I  hope  you  can  hear  me  okay.  Yep,  we  can. Yeah.  Perfect.  Fantastic.  That's  great. Well,  good  afternoon,  everyone, and  thanks  for  the  invitation to  come  and  speak  to  you on  another  glorious  spring  day  in  Scotland. As  Ronnie  said,  my  name  is  Andrew  Preston, and  I've  currently  worked  for Benchmark  for  the  last  four  years. And  I  have  my  background slightly  jaded  in  terms  of mixture  of  academics  and salmon  production  and  currently  lead the  trait  development  section  within genetics  with  a  focus  on  Gill  Health. So  in  the  coming  slides, what  I'd  like  to  introduce the  company  first  and  then  give an  overview  of  how  breeding and  genetics  is  contributing towards  one  health  perspectives through  disease  trait development  and  biosecurity. So  with  that  said, let's  go  ahead  and  get  started. So  a  brief  overview  of  benchmark  genetics, which  provides  genetically  improved  strains of  salmon  and  shrimp  to  global  markets. We  have  in  house  breeding and  shrimp  multiplication  nuclei located  in  strategic  locations to  serve  those  specific  markets. For  salmon,  we  have three  salmon  breeding  programmes in  Chile,  Iceland, and  in  Norway  and more  than  270  employees across  these  geographies  and  others, and  including  more  than  30  scientists  sorry, contributing  to  the  modest  revenues  in  2024. So  the  company  is  heavily focused  on  delivering the  highest  quality  ova, which  performed  well  in  the commercial  environment. And  we  have  three  salmon products,  some  will  boost, some  will  robust  and prime  for  the  global  net  pen  customers, and  one  land  based  product, salmon  will  rust  for the  land  based  customers, and  each  product  having distinctive  traits  with  commercial  relevance for  that  specific  environment. And  similarly,  for  shrimp, we  have  three  commercial  products for  high  growth  and  disease  resistance. We  also  provide  consulting and  breeding  programme  management  for continuous  genetic  improvement  and genotyping  services  and  tools designed  for  more  than  30  species. And  this  area  is  of significant  growth  potential  and with  some  of  the  leading  experts based  in  Rosalind, including  the  team  run  by doctor  Carolina  Navarro, who's  with  you  currently. So  this  slide  provides  a  nice  timeline  of how  benchmark  has  evolved  under  holdings, and  then  culminating  in the  sale  of  benchmark  genetics this  year  on  the  1st  of  April  2025 to  Nova  Holdings, whose  primary  importance  is  to  improve people's  health  and  the  sustainability  of society  and  the  planet  by  generating attractive  long  term  returns on  the  assets  of  the  Novenrds  Foundation. So  a  slight  change  there. So  what  is  the  one  health  perspective from  a  selective breeding  and  genetics  perspective, which  goes  without  saying, needs  to  be  advancing  genetic  traits which  positively  affect welfare  and  the  environment. More  specifically,  by  enhancing disease  resistance  traits  and future  gene  Etity  technologies, aquaculture  strains  can  be more  resistance  to  disease, and  this  has  a  positive  effect  on  welfare  and reduces  the  needs  for  health  interventions. So  the  creation  of future  sterile  lines  also  could  promote environmental  sustainability  by  protecting ecosystems  and  wild  populations. Certainly,  selective  breeding  and genetic  approaches  can  also  contribute  to food  safety  and  public  health by  reducing  pathogen  outbreaks, making  animals  more  robust that  benefits  more  broadly, and  by  combining these  sustainable  and responsible  production  methods reflects  positively  on  the  one  health  ethos. So  aquaculture  species have  many  fascinating  characteristics, which  make  them  very  favourable for  genetic  improvement, and  these  include  external  fertilisation and  flexible  mating  designs. They  have  high  fecundity  with many  thousands  of  offspring  and very  early  in  domestication  in  comparison to  terrestrial  farmed  animals. And  this  allows  for  a  large  amount of  genetic  diversity. So  taken  together,  this  can  contribute  to a  rapid  genetic  gains achieved  through  well  managed selective  breeding  programmes, as  seen  here  in  one  of the  Tapia  programmes managed  across  generations. So,  in  essence,  selective breeding  a  genetics  allow  us  a powerful  tool  to  benefit the  industry  guided  by key  production  and  health  traits, contributing  to increased  productivity  and  sustainability. And  this  can  be  certainly  felt across  the  supply  chain. So  modern  breeding  programmes  focus on  multi  trait  genetic  improvement  that contribute  to  significant  upsides  for the  health  and  the  welfare  of the  salmon  adapted  to  our  customers'  needs. So  we  harness  the  latest  generation of  the  latest  genetic  gain  from late  generation  using  intense  selection  for key  traits  which  make demonstrable  difference  in the  production  environment, as  we'll  see  in  some  of the  up  and  coming  disease traits  slides  that  I'll  show. We  also  use  modern  cryo  labs and  modern  genomic  tools. And  then  we  produce,  as  you've  seen  in the  key  products through  the  multiplication  lines. And  certainly  in  documentation  trials, we  can  differentiate the  product  performance  based  on the  rearing  environment  with Salma  robust  in  the  bottom  here, outperforming both  Salma  Boost  and  Salmo  prime in  a  diverse  pathogen  type  environment, while  Salmo  Boost  outperforms the  sister  products  in a  generic  production  environment. So  clearly,  choosing the  correct  genetic  product based  on  the  environment  can contribute  to  a  successful  outcome. So  from  the  very  beginning, our  breeding  programmes  have focused  on  growth  as a  primary  trait  of  importance, and  then  other  traits  were  added  on, including  reducing  maturation  and some  of  the  more  production  related  traits. Since  2007,  individual  selection  methods using  marker  assisted  selection improved  the  precision  for  important  traits. Focusing  on  net  pen performance,  and  then  later, genomic  selection  has  been used  since  around  about  20:15 to  improve  the  accuracy of  the  breeding  values  generated, and  now  there  is  more  than  70  phenotypes of  interest  which  are collected  during our  annual  disease  and  sentinel  tests, which  contribute  to  production  efficiencies and  improved  welfare  and  food  security. So  how  does  a  salmon  breeding  programme, how  do  we  maintain  genetic  diversity while  focusing  on  the  development of  these  key  traits  which benefit  and  improve  fish  welfare? Well,  we  use  extensive  trait  recording on  siblings  of  parent  fish  candidates, and  that  allows  for multiple  levels  of  trait  development. Including  growth,  disease, and  some  of  the  carcass  traits  of  interest. Within  the  breeding  population or  the  nuclei  themselves, the  breeding  goals  are genetic  improvement  while  maintaining a  wide  range  of genetic  and  trait  diversity  for cumulative  improvements over  time,  and  that's  the  key. For  the  commercial  eggs, which  the  customers  receive, we  combine  the  preferred  traits to  define  the  different  products, which,  again,  align  with the  customer's  short  term  needs, while  also  offering  a  tailor  based  selection based  specifically  on  the  environment. So  to  ensure  continuity  within the  farming  landscape  and across  the  supply  chain  itself, there  needs  to  be  a  bio  secure  supply  of salmon  eggs  emanating  from the  latest  generation  of  pedigree  animals. And  within  benchmark, we've  developed  protocols  over the  last  decades  which  enable year  round  supply  with a  capacity  reaching up  to  400  million  salmon  ova  per  annum. We  also  strive  to  maintain biosecurity  status  and  have ISA  free  compartment  status  within  Iceland itself  and  disease  free  status from  Sona  pesca  in  our  Chilean  operations. We  use,  as  I  said, crowd  preservation  to  give access  to year  round  access  to  the  best  males, and  it  ensures  that the  products  are  continuously available  and  allows  for extensive  testing  prior  to  shipping. So  I  think  this has  already  been  mentioned  by  Nick, but  genetics  plays a  very  important  role  in  disease  prevention, and  certainly  infectious  disease is  a  major  threat  to all  aquaculture  systems  with  vaccination, biosecurity,  and access  to  disease  free  gamuts. And  even  treatment  measures  not feasible  in  many  cases  or  countries. Also,  it's  worth  noting, only  a  small  number  of cultivated  fish  are  vaccinated  globally, and  it's  generally not  possible  for  invertebrates, and  this  represents  a  key  difference to  terrestrial  livestock  production. So  genetic  interventions  have particularly  high  potential  to tackle  disease  in  aquaculture. And  certainly  from  a  historic  perspective, the  example  of  IPNV  is  a  really  nice  one. It  shows  very  clearly how  major  disease  resistance quantitative  trait  losiin  in  the  late  2000, independently  by  both Scottish  and  Norwegian  researchers showed  in  challenge  models, there  was  a  marked  difference  in mortality  levels  between  the  two  genotypes. So  when  this  was  applied to  marker  assisted  selection, we  saw  a  marked  difference and  a  reduction  in  the  mortality due  to  IPN  on  many  of the  farms  across  the  industry. So  a  nice  example  there  of  how genetics  plays  a  key role  in  disease  management. More  recently,  genomic  selection is  a  key  technology  for improving  resistance to  cardiomyopathy  syndrome  in  salmon, and  we  tackle  CMS  very  much like  some  of  the  other  traits  that  we developed  by  exposing several  hundred  families to  annual  disease  challenges and  then  measure  resistance  on the  siblings  of  future  selection  candidates. While  we  also  use large  scale  field  trials  for validation  in the  presence  of  disease  pressures. And  again,  studies  have  shown  CMS  to  be heritable  and that  major  disease  resistance  QLs are  present  on  chromosome  12  and  27 with  CMS  resistance  now incorporated  into  selection  since  2018, first  through  marker  assisted  selection and  now  genomic  selection. And  in  field  trials, what  we  can  see  is  an  uplift  in survival  when  we  select  for a  high  and  low  CMS  resistance. And  in  the  north  of  Norway, we've  got  a  round  about  improved  survival of  8%  and  around  5% in  the  South  respectively. Remembering  this  is cumulative  across  generations. So  not  the  silver  bullet, but  certainly  improving  across  time. As  mentioned  earlier,  certainly improving  gill  health  and resistance  to  complex  gill  disease would  be  highly  desirable. And  over  the  last  three  years, we've  developed  a  challenge  model in  collaboration  with the  University  of  Sterling  using seeded  material  sourced  from a  Scottish  net  pen  outbreak. And  we  do  annual  disease  challenge  tests using  approximately  200  families. And  the  data  is  complemented with  also  sibling test  data  obtained  from concurrent  field  trials  and the  commercial  net  pins. And  so  we  can  correlate the  performance  of  the  challenge  and the  field  data  fine  tuning  selection. So  thus  far,  what  we  found  is  that complex  Gill  disease  provided significant  and  moderate heritability  estimates, and  the  um  DNA  variations across  the  snps  showed  in  this Manhattan  prop  show  that complex  gill  disease  is a  polygenic  disease  in  nature  with no  major  QTLs  with  multiple  pathogens  being involved  in  impacting  the  gill all  at  once  or  at  different  times. We  also  find  an  indicative favourable  correlation  with  body  weight, and  this  area  of  research is  fundamental  to  improving gill  health  in  the  industry  going  forward and  part  of  Myrema  in  benchmark. Yeah.  So  as  I  said, this  is  a  priority  area  for  us and  ongoing  research within  trade  development. And  in  net  pen  trials, what  we've  seen  is  a  marked  improvement  in harvest  weights  from  animals  which  show resistance  to  gill  challenge. So  family  selection  for the  lowest  gill  score  after multiple  infections  also  showed a  marked  improvement  in performance  within  net  pens, culminating  in  an  improvement  in harvest  weight  of  nearly  800  grammes. So  in  2025, the  commercial  product  incorporates both  the  Gil  Health  trait to  bolster  seawater  performance and  improve  welfare  within the  commercial  net  ends. So  what  else  for benchmark  over  the  past  few  years, we've  seen  the  rise  in  computer  vision, and  this  has  taken  the  industry by  storm  in  terms  of  trying to  optimise  feeding  strategies  and  also through  disease  detection  and  prevention. So  we  can  see  clearly  these  two  examples. We  have  KGI  which  uses ecosylin  based  feeding  and the  stingray  laser  system to  prevent  parasites. And  certainly,  this  can  help  improves the  sustainability  and  environmental impact  of  our  industry, and  certainly  something  that we're  looking  at  going  forward. So  how  do  we  harness  compute  vision  and  AI? And  certainly  the  way  that we've  decided  to  do  it  is  through longitudinal  data  collection  of key  traits  by  using  automated  image  capture, where  computer  algorithms  analyse and  extract  the  phenotypes, including  things  like  body  size and  welfare  scores. And  then  what  will  happen  is the  machine  learning  models  are trained  to  predict  the  various  outcomes. And  this  is  a  really  powerful  tool as  it  allows  for continuous  non  invasive  monitoring, providing a  more  comprehensive  understanding  of the  animals  performance  and the  behaviours  in  the  pens  across  time. And  certainly,  it  allows breeders  more  informed  decisions  to  be  made, including  some  of  the  selection  of the  most  appropriate  animals with  the  most  highly  desirable  traits. So  this  area  of focus  is  very,  very  important  to  us, and  we're  tracking  families  in large  scale  commercial  pens and  being  able  to  identify pedigree  animals  for  longitudinal  data  sets is  a  key  priority  going  forward. So  finally,  take home  messages  are  certainly  embracing genetic  advancement  is  crucial  for meeting  the  increasing  global  demand for  sustainable  seafood. Selective  breeding  and genomics  will  play  a  key  role  in breeding  and  disease  resistance and  local  adaptation. Innovative  frontiers  contributing  to one  health  include  disease trait  development,  as  we've  seen, steility  and gene  editing  for  specific  diseases, with  gene  editing  posed  to revolutionise  disease prevention  in  the  future. Computer  vision  and  AI  are transforming  animal  breeding  by enabling  efficient  and  accurate large  scale  phenotypic  data  collection, and  by  integrating  some of  these  key  objectives, benchmark  genetics contributes  to  sustainable, responsible  aquaculture  production  practises in  line  with  the  holistic  one  health  ethos. Thank  you  very  much  for  listening. Thank  you,  Andrew.  That  was  excellent. And  I  think  as  well as  that  very  good  technical  input, what  Andrew  has  demonstrated  there  is that  we  have  the  technology  to  communicate, and  if  we  can  do  that  across  Scotland, we  can  do  it  across  the  globe. And  that  is  a  major  tool  for us  going  forward.  I  apologise. We  are  well  over  time  and probably  like  we  are desperate  for  that  coffee, but  I  think  we  will  find  just  5  minutes  for doctor  Jag  Delpozo  to tell  us  about  Questions. Well,  people,  right? I'm  going  to  talk  about  people. So  I'm  not  going  to  take  very  long. My  message  is  much  smaller to  most  of  the  messages that  have  been  put  forward  today. So  I  just  want  to  give  you an  idea  of  what  we  are  doing  at the  vet  school  to  better,  like  this. Right.  I'm  not  a  singer. I'm  a  guitar  player,  you  know, I  don't  know  about  microphones. So  it's  all  about the  people  and  the  talent  and  how  it's  been put  through  and  how the  vet  school  here  aims  to  contribute  in the  UK  as  a  have  for  the  training  of veterinarians  going  into aquaculture  in  the  future. So  I'm  going  to  take very  little  time  doing  this,  I  think. Nick  has  already  mentioned that  this  is  part  of a  bigger  project  which  has  got  four  pillars. The  fourth  pillar  is  about  talent  and  people. And  this  is  where  we  are  focusing  on. This  pillar  focus  on the  undergraduate  level  and  how  are  we going  to  contribute  new professionals  into  the  system. It  also  focus  on what  training  are  we  providing  to professionals  that  are  already  in  the  system. And  finally,  there  is a  community  engagement  programme to  try  to  drive and  to  increase  interest  and  engagement  in aquaculture  in the  places  where  it  takes  place. So  the  ambitions  with  regards  to the  undergraduate  is  to  develop the  skills  and  address a  problem  with  retention  of professionals  for  the  industry. We  want  to  do  this  taking the  industry  and collaborating  with  the  industry. So  it's  a  two  sided  approach  where  there is  information  going  from  the  industry  to the  academia  and the  academia  to  the  industry. We  will  have  the  ambition  to  establish this  vet  school  as  an  academic  half  for the  training  of  veterinarians  in aquaculture  and  we  would like  to  expand  this  to  the  whole  of  the  UK, not  just  our  students. And  eventually  to include  all  the  industry  and all  the  vet  schools  in  the  UK and  perhaps  even  in  other  countries. That  might  be  down  the  line. The  strategy  for  this is  to  establish  first  well, what  are the  competencies  a  veterinarian  should have  at  the  day  of  graduation with  regards  to  aquaculture? As  you  might  know, the  veterinary  field  is  a  complex  field. Many  species  are  involved. The  curriculum  in  the  vet  school  is very  complex  and  very,  very  busy. So  these  aims  have  got  to  be  modest. We  have  to  focus  these efforts  in  the  best  way possible  so  that  there is  the  highest  chance that  these  veterinary  students, these  talented  people  will  join aquaculture  and  other  fields,  for  example. We  want  to  create  a  training  pipeline with  hands  on  learning and  Before  we  do  anything,  sorry,  Ronnie. Ronnie  and  I  have  been while  you  were  working  here, we  were  always  talking  about  how  to  improve aquaculture  training  in  the  vet  school, and  you  have  put your  action  to  your  mouth and  you've  been  really helping  with  the  training  of veterinarians  in  this  course for  many,  many  years. So  I  wanted  to  just  let  you  know  where  we are  with  aquaculture  teaching. So  the  bulk  of  this  teaching  is Ronnie's  lectures  that  take  place  at  the  GEP, which  is  the  graduate  entry programme  at  the  beginning  of  the  course, and  then  in  fourth  year. There  is  also  a  selective  rotation  is  there, where  students  are  taken to  Maui's  processing  plant. But  this  is  done  from  a  point  of  view  of public  health  of  salmon  as  a  food  product. So  this  is  where  we  are  now, and  I  think  there  are some  opportunities  in  our  curriculum. We  could  increase  the  early  years awareness  of  students, for  example,  through  career  careers first  or  exposure  to  the  industry. We  plan  to  within the  context  of  the  BBSRC  project, which  is  a  partnership  with  Maui, we  are  planning  to  use resources  to  be  able  to  do  that. Then  in  lectures,  we  obviously maintain  the  current  aquaculture  lectures, and  it's  very  difficult  to expand  on  the  number  of lectures  that  take  place  in this  curriculum  that  is  already  so  busy. But  we  can  reinforce the  fish  content  in lectures  across  the  curriculum. And  we  can  go  back  to  see where  fish  content  is  being  delivered. Is  this  appropriate? Is  this  at  the  level that  we  would  like  to  have? Can  we  find  gaps  in  other  topics  where  we can  add  more  fish  content  to  be  delivered? This  course  in  particular, has  got  a  very  specific  feature that  is  heavily  research  based, and  students  that  undergo the  course  of  veterinary  in  Edinburgh, they  do  a  six  weeks  research  project. And  one  of  the  ways that  they  can  gain  more  exposure  to aquaculture  is  to  increase the  portfolio  of  research  projects that  they  can  have  access  to. Again,  here,  it's  our  interaction with  industry  and  our  partnerships that  will  lead  to  these opportunities  as  well  as the  world  class  research  institute that  we  work  with,  the  Rosen  Institute. Finally,  at  the  final  year, there  is  a  rotation  that  students  can  choose. So  for  the  most  part, the  course  is  you  come  in and  you  just  do  what  you're  given,  right? So  there's  a  whole  curriculum that's  delivered  like  that. There's  no  choice. You  will  just  undertake the  topics  that  you  are  given. In  final  year, the  last  half  of  the  final  year, students  have  a  choice, and  this  is  where  we  can  capture those  students  that  have a  special  interest  in  aquaculture. They  will  do  two  to  three  weeks  period of  focused  training  in  a  specific  topic. It  can  be  surgery,  it  can be  It  can  be  public  health, and  we  want  to  create  one  for  aquaculture, which  doesn't  exist  at  the  moment. And  finally,  and  this is  something  that  may  or  may  not  happen, is  that  we  have  got  an  exchange  agreement with  the  Norwegian  veterinary  school. And  as  we  know, Norwegian  are  Norway  are a  large  producers  of  salmon, and  in  fact,  their  veterinary  degree is  mostly  focused  on  salmon. And  we  could  stimulate those  exchanges  that  happened  quite quiet  in  the  last  few  years  with an  aquaculture  focus  instead of  just  a  broad  veterinary  focus. So  here  I  have  a  picture  of  Alex  Corbsley. He  is  the  Director  of  teaching, and  he  is  a  key supporter  for  these  initiatives, as  is  Lisa  Borden, the  director  of  the  school. So  this  project,  Sam  Strong  has  come  at a  time  where  there's  a  convergence of  interest  to  make  this  happen, both  from  the  industry, from  the  vet  school,  and for  the  project  itself. Right.  So  what  I  wanted  to highlight  here  is  that how  are  we  going  to  do  this? And  it  is  much  easier  to  go  from  the  back  of the  course  backwards  when  the  students can  actually  choose  that they  want  to  do  this. And  that's  where  we  are  going  to  start  our first  or  we're  going to  put  our  first  efforts. And  our  plan  is  to  put  together a  rotation  that  will take  place  in  the  next  year. We  are  late  for  this  year. We  will  start  on  the  next  year. So  I  have  gathered because  we  need  people  that  are actually  interested  and,  you  know, people  that  have  interest  in  aquaculture before  used  to  go  to  running, and  then  they  came  to  me  and  we used  to,  I  mean, I've  used  to  have  one  to  three  students interested  in  a  year, which  I  think  is  quite  good. The  cohort  is  about  100  to 40  to  150  students. It's  a  minority,  but  they  are  interested. This  doesn't  mean  that  they are  interested  in  aquaculture, they  are  interested  in  fish. So  the  percentage  of aquaculture  is  even  smaller. So  I  was  very  interested  in knowing  what  was  our  chance of  success  in  all  of  this. What  is  the  real  interest  in aquaculture  in  the  cohort  just  now? So  Alex  helped  by  sending an  email  asking the  students  in  the  fourth  year, would  you  be  interested  in this  rotation  if  it  was  to  happen  in  2026? And  we  had  ten  students that  came  back  and  said, Yes,  I  would  be  very interested  in  this  rotation. So  I  think  we  have  a  good  chance  to capture  those  students  and  give them  the  experience  that  perhaps will  drive  them  into  the  field. There  is  a  group  of students  that  are  a  branch of  the  Aquatic Veterinary  Medicine  Association, and  they  have  13  students, and  I  have  been  helping  them organising  some  teaching  events. And  the  last  one, they  gave  me  a  red  snapper, which  tasted  lovely. We  did  a  fish  dissection, and  it  has  always  been a  very  low  key  and  very  small  thing  to  do. But  I  think  now  we  can leverage  this  and  to  make this  much  more  impactful. So  I  have  asked  them  to do  an  informal  survey  to  go beyond  this  fourth  year  to include  all  the  early  years  as  well, so  we  know  how  sustainable this  idea  is  going  to  be  going  forward. So  the  next  question  is, I'm  going  really  fast. So  hopefully,  I  won't interfere  too  much  with  your  coffee. So  the  next  question  is,  right? Okay,  this  is  the  students. This  is  what  we  want  to  do.  We  want to  entice  them  into  aquaculture. We  want  to  increase  their  skill set  in  aquaculture. What  is  that  we  need  to  actually  expose them  to  in  this  very  limited  time  that we  have  with  them  so that  we  get  the  best  results  possible. So  what  to  teach  is  what we  are  focusing  on  at the  moment  with  Fernando. And  we  are  looking  at  the  model  of the  Royal  Veterinary  College  where they  have  got  a  list  of  day  one  competencies. These  are  the  competencies  that veterinarians  should  have  at the  point  of  graduation. It  mimics  that  one  of  the  OIE. And  then  we  are  also  looking at  other  programmes  like the  WAFMA  Certified Aquatic  Veterinarian  Programme  and the  newly  formed  European College  of  Veterinary Specialist  on  Aquatic  Medicine. The  last  one  focuses mostly  on  people  that  are  already  graduated, but  we  want  to  know  what  they  think about  the  people  that  are  yet  to  graduate. In  order  to  do  this, we  are  going  to  do  what  is  called the  Delphi  studies  because  we  really  want  to capture  not  the  views  of the  vets  working  in the  field  and  those  organisations I  was  talking  about, but  also  the  industry. We  want  to  include  the  producers, we  want  to  include  the  regulators. We  want  to  also include  other  research  institutes like  Sterling  has  got a  great  experience  of postgraduate  training  of  what 20  years,  a  long,  long  time. In  order  to  do  this,  we  are  going  to  do Aladelphia  study  that  is basically  you  have  your  ideas, you  put  that  to  the  experts. The  experts  gave  you  your  feedback, and  you  refine  those  ideas  until  you  get  to a  consensus  of  what  are the  ideas  that  are  worth pursuing  in  this  limited  time  that  we  have. This  is  where  we  are.  We  are in  the  exploratory  survey, and  Fernando  and  I  have  sent the  draught  survey  to three  or  four  main  players in  the  veterinary  field  in  aquaculture. And  these  are  the  areas that  we  are  going  to  look  at, which  are  areas  that  mirror those  first  aid  competencies  of the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons. And  I  think  it  is  coffee  time. So  thank  you  very  much  for  your  time. Excellent.  That  was  too  long, but  it  was  okay. Oh,  come.  That  was  very  good.  Thank  you. That  brings  session  one  to  an  end. I  hope  like  me,  you  found  that both  interesting  and  exciting. I  think  there's  a  lot to  take  forward  from  here. We're  going  to  break  until  4:10,  I  think, for  coffee,  and  then  we  have  session  two, which  will  be  on  women  in  aquaculture. So  thank  you.  Oh,  sorry. Before  we  do  that,  please join  me  in  thanking  the  speakers. Professor  Lisa  Bowden, who's  our  head  of  school. Lisa  is a  UK  and  European  veterinary  specialist in  public  health  and  population  medicine. She  directs  Epic,  which  is the  Scott  government  centre  of expertise  on  animal  disease  outbreaks. And  her  research  focuses  on  various  things, including  one  health  resilience in  conflict  affected  regions. So  if  I  could  ask  Lisa  to  open the  sessions  and  then we'll  move  on  to  the  talks. Thank  you,  Susan.  Thanks  very much  to  Fernando  and everybody  who's  been involved  in  the  organisation. And  I'm  sorry  that  I  wasn't  here  earlier, but  I've  heard  that  it's been  there  you  are,  Fernando. You  know,  I  just  wanted to  say  thank  you  for  that. And  we  were  just  communicating beforehand  about  how  brilliant it  is  and  what  it  means really  to  attract  this  level  of expertise  into  the  room and  to  be  able  to  share  that  with  people. And  it  reflects,  I  think, a  direction  of  travel  that  the  school  is taking  in  terms  of  trying  to  solidify, consolidate,  and  strengthen  the  expertise that  we  have  to  make  a  real  difference. And  so  I  apologise  that  I  wasn't  there. We  were  in  another  senior meeting  a  bit  earlier  in  the  day, and  I  suppose  the  opportunity I  have  here  is  just  to  situate contextually  for  the  school and  just  to  give  a  bit  of  a  kind of  how  I  see  the  importance of  what  is  happening  here  in  the  room. And  so  I  took  on  the  head of  school  role  about  a  year  and  a  half, almost  two  years  ago  now, and  part  of  that  has  been  about  trying  to  set a  direction  of  travel  for our  strategy  towards  2030. And  in  doing  so,  it's  about putting  the  school  in  the  context  of one  Health  and  really recognising these  interlinkages  between  the  health, obviously  of  humans,  animals,  you  know, and  non  terrestrial  and  terrestrial  animals, and  the  ecosystem  which  supports  all  of  us. But  what's  critical  to  that, and  we  have  a  lot  of  expertise  in  the  room, of  course,  around  animal  health  and welfare,  around  animal  biosciences, agriculture  and  aquaculture,  of  course, but  we  also  have  expertise  around conservation  biodiversity and  ecosystem  health, as  well  as  areas  around welfare  and  global  food  systems. And  it  is  that  intersection, that  nexus  which  makes  us  well situated  to  think  about  one  health  what we  are  trying  to  do  here  on  the campus  as  well  as  what we're  trying  to  do  regionally  and  globally, so  in  Scotland,  in  the  UK,  and  in  the  world. And  part  of  that  is  to recognise  too  that  one  health  has made  a  big  shift, I  think,  in  terms  of the  way  we  conceive  of  one  health. We're  widening  the  definition of  what  it  means  to be  healthy  away  from  just thinking  about  infectious  disease, whether  you're  positive  for disease  or  negative  for  disease. We're  thinking  about  health  in terms  of  well  being. Whether  that's  physical  state  of well  being  or  mental  health  and  well  being. And  we're  tying  one  health  very  strongly, not  just  to  a  security  agenda around  infectious  diseases, but  we're  tying  it to  a  sustainability  agenda. And  that  means  recognising the  importance,  for  example, of  the  way  global  food  systems and  aquaculture  in  particular  and the  health  of  marine  systems helps  us  achieve  our  goals  towards  2030. In  order  to  be  able  to  do  that,  I  guess, it  recognises  that  it  underpins  and  sits upon  this  importance  of healthy  and  safe,  nutritious  food, the  sustainable  life  on  land  as  well  as  under the  water  and  thinking  about the  way  we  produce  clean  water,  energy, and  air  and  all  of  that  is  part  of our  key  mission  as  a  veterinary  school  that brings  together  our  different  dimensions around  these  four  key  areas. So  in  that,  in  terms  of  what  it  means  to  be healthy  and  have  health and  well  being  also  means  that  we  have  to think  about  our  lives  and our  livelihoods  and  how  we tie  our  sustainable  food systems  into  that  approach. And  that  means,  too, that  we  have  to  think  about  inequity, social  equity  and  gender  inequality, and  how  the  way  that  we  think  about our  ways  of  working  addresses  those  things. And  I  think  that  this  is  probably an  important  moment  just  to recognise  the  key  individuals  who  are  coming, and  I  think  Susan's  going  to  do  you proper  justice  in  terms of  formal  introductions. But  having  that  representation here  from  W  and  from the  Chilean  Salmon  Council and  women  in  Scottish  aquaculture, so  important  to  that  conversation. I'm  really  looking  forward  to  this  session. I'm  so  delighted  that  you'd  be  here. We  just  chatted  about  how  far  you've had  to  travel  for  so  short  amount  of  time. But  what  that  translates  into,  I  hope, is  impact  in  the  room, on  the  ground,  and  in  society  at  large. And  that's  why  I  think  that we're  all  here  and  committed to  hearing  what  you're  saying and  help  put  it  into  action. And  so  with  that,  I'm  just  going  to  hand  over to  Susan  for  formal  introductions, extend  my  warm  welcome  to you  on  the  campus  and  hope  that you'll  be  able  to  come  back  and enjoy  and  build  a  partnership  together. And  thanks  to  everybody  in  the  room  for  being here  and  for  your  commitment  to  this  thing, and  in  particular,  for  all  the  people who've  been  organising  it.  So  thank  you. Thank  you.  Great.  Thank  you,  Lisa. And  so  the  way  we'd  like  to run  this  session  is  to give  each  of  our  three  speakers around  12  minutes  or  so. And  then  at  the  end, we'll  ask  the  three  speakers to  come  up  and  do a  panel  where  we  can  have  some  Q&A. We  brought  overrun  in the  last  session  because there  was  so  much  to  get  through. But  I  hope  by  having some  questions  at  the  session, we'll  be  able  to  explore some  of  the  topics  that come  up  in  the  presentations  today. And  so  our  first  speaker, we've  heard  from  already,  so  I'll keep  the  introduction  short, but  doctor  Asia  Guillard is  going  to  speak  to  us  about her  experience  and  thoughts and  leadership  of  women  in  aquaculture. So  if  I  could  please  ask  you  to  come  up, Felicia  and  give  your  presentation. Thank  you.  Thank  you. Thank  you  for  the  Lisa, for  the  words,  very  kind  words. And  thank  you  again  I  am  again. I  am  maybe  my  favourite  issue about  the  women  participation in  the  aquaculture. We  don't  have  As a  first  method, we  don't  have  any  information. We  don't  have  enough  data, information  about  the  real  participation of  the  woman  in  the  aquaculture  value  chain. We  tried  to  do  in  Latin  America, but  we  didn't  find any  much  information,  at  least  14, 15%  of  the  people  in  the  value  chain in  comparison  with  the  fishery  sector is  25,  28%. So  we  don't  know  exactly. And  this  is  the  problem  is  the  lack  of visibility  of  the  woman  in  the  value  chain. We  can  consider  the  real  participation of  the  woman  in  the  different  activities, and  the  main  issue  is  we  can't perform  policies  taking  into consideration  this  missing  information. So  one  issue  is, I  I  am  very  happy  because  the  W  has a  new  dissemination  information that  is  the  animal  echo, and  it's  more  friendly communication  for  the  people. And  the  committee  invited  me  to prepare  some  issue  or  some  article about  the  animal  health  emergencies. I  thought  at  the  beginning, honestly,  it  was  the  woman  participation, but  they  proposed  through  the  gender, the  lens  of  the  gender  taking  into consideration  the  gender  equity. So  with  my  colleague, Dan  Don  that  is  in  charge  of Brazilian  department  in  Wha  headquarters, we  prepared  this  article. Well,  the  first  issue,  you  know, we  need  to  have  resilience  and  to  be  prepared for  the  emergency  aquatic  in  animal  health, aquatic  and  also  terrestrial. So  the  first  information that  we  analyse  is  the  participation in  the  women participation  and  men  participation and  other  participation  is  different because  usually  the  men  are  more  likely to  involve  in  the  decision  making and  also  in  the  more, you  know,  strong  activities related  with  the  emergencies. And  the  participation  of women  participation  is usually  related  with  the  caring  roles. You  know,  it's  very  clear the  link  between  women  and  to, to  take  care  with  the  animals, also  with  the  person. But  it's  important  to  take into  consideration  this  in the  history  of  the woman  participation  in  this  issue. So  we  need  our  proposal  with  Dan  is to  focus  in  gender centred  in  animal  health  emergency. And  because  I  told  you  recently, we  don't  have  any quantitative  information  as  well, we  don't  have  any  visibility of  the  participation  of the  woman  in  these  activities. So  this  article  consider to  include  in  our  strategies  for the  emergency disease  preparedness  to  consider the  gender  approach  in  these  programmes. Well,  you  know,  in  general, women  play  a  key  role in  animal  production  in  various  activities, you  know,  since  the  production, the  aquaculture,  the  animal  production in  the  processing  plants, in  the  connects  activities with  the  fisheries  and  aquaculture. So  they  are  their  roles in  managing  animal  health are  not  absolutely  understood, and  some  studies  demonstrate  that lack  of  access  of this  information  to the  woman  could  be  a  risk. I  like  this  information. I  revise  Anasan  Anassan  seminar, I  think  15  years  ago, or  20  is  information very  interesting  and  they  put  in an  article  regarding  the  lack of  investment  to train  the  woman  in the  environmental  care  could  be a  risk  for  the  environmental  issues. So,  it's  not  a  positive  in  a  negative  manner. So  I  think  it's  more  value has  more  value  for  that. Well,  so  if  we're  considering these  strategies  under  the  gender  equity, we  can  ensure  equitably  access  to  resources, training,  and  decision  making  process during  emergencies. So  what  are  the  more  important  challenges? Maybe  the  cultural  unknowns. I  thank  you,  doctor  Pozo, for  your  presentation  because maybe  this  issue  we  need  to  consider,  Lisa, or  maybe  we  need  to  consider  the  culture  of each  country  of  each  region because  it  Regarding  this, we  have  some  roles, stereotypes  that hinder  collective  action  in  emergencies. This  is  the  first  key  point  for  you. And  for  example,  it's  very  difficult  to consider  mental  health  support during  emergency  for  the  men  people, for  the  men  sector  because  it's not  absolutely,  you  know,  it's  difficult. At  the  moment,  maybe  it's different  than  in  the  past. So  we  need  to  consider for  the  woman  participation, but  also  for  the  man  participation  role in  the  emergencies. This  is  a  key  point. Well,  one  key  element  to  consider  is the  inclusive  leadership  enhanced  resilience. We  need  to  work  with  woman  participation. We  revised,  for  example, if  you  have  an  emergency, women  have  two  points relevant  at  the  first decision  in  the  emergency. One,  if  the  access  to  the  social  network. If  we  have  an  emergency, women  are  very  capable  to  send  1,000  message. This  is  dangerous  to any  red  social  network  in  the  community. For  example, they  are  leader  in  the  community, so  they  are  very  quickly into  send  the  information about  the  emergency. And  the  other  issue  is  they immediately  identify the  most  vulnerable  people. In  an  emergency,  you  can  women  have  the I  don't  know  how  to  explain  in  English, but  it's  very  nice  to think  in  the  possibility  to  identify  very, very  beginning  of  the emergency  these  kind  of  issues. So  this  is  very  important  for to  include  in  the  in  the And  the  other  issue  we  need  to consider  the  balance  between  the  work, the  woman  work  in home  and  the  work  in  the  field. This  is  very  interesting.  When  I work  as  a  vice  minister  in  Chile, officers  in  aquaculture,  I  organise a  lot  of  different  activities  in  field. And  I  was  very surprised  because  the  woman  not  attended, need  not  attend  some  very  key  points. And  I  asked  my  colleagues,  and  they  told  me, they  can't  because  they need  to  take  care  of  the children's  or  her  parents. So  I  needed  to  consider  an  extra  budget  in the  training  activities  to assist  the  women  to  consider  some, you  know,  organising  in  the  same  place  and other  additional  budget  to contract  some  person  to take  care  for  the  children. So  this  is  very  interesting for  the  public  politics. So  you  need  to  consider  the  equal  access. And  well,  I  think  this  is  important  for the  two  the  gaps  in capacity  building.  This  is  another  issue. When  the  women  need  to  if  we create  public  politics  for  the  more  equity, the  women  maybe  can access  to  high  level  position, and  it's  only  for  lack  of  capability. For  example,  in  communication  skills, for  example,  for the  fisheries  and  aquaculture, small  scale  in  Chile, they  have  a  lack of  capability  to  talk  in  public,  for  example. So  it's  important  consider to  strengthen  the  training  and the  capability  in  general  building  to  give her  the  skill  to access  a  high  level  positions. This  is  very  interesting  to  analyse. Well,  in  summary,  the  key recommendation  that  we  put in  this  article,  well, collecting  data  on  women's  role  in emergency  response  to  provide evidence  for  the  development  of  policies. So  we  need  data.  We  need  to desegregate  data  for  women  and  men. This  is  the  first  recommendation. The  second  recommendation  is  developing gender  sensitive  policies  that consider  cultural  and  social  context. It's  different  here  in  Edinburgh, that  in  Chile,  in  Chile, or  that  in  Angua  in  Colombia. So  we  need  to consider  the  local,  the  community, the  community  is  the  core  of this  policy,  I  think. The  third  recommendation  is  promoting inclusive  leadership  by  addressing the  barrier  that  impact  women. Capacity  building,  for  example, access  to  certain  activities. We  need  to  address  that  information. And  finally,  ensuring  equitly  access  for women  to  capacity  building  opportunities that  I  mentioned  in  some  case. And  finally,  I  want  to add  doctor  Pozo  to  your  skills,  day  one. The  motion,  the  motion, the  motivation,  the  hurt. I  think  the  woman  have  discussed this  extra  skill  for the  emergency  and  for aquaculture  activities  in  general. Thank  you  very  much.  Thank  you. Thank  you. Thank  you  very  much. That  was  really  thought  provoking. Next,  we  welcome  Matilda, Matilda  Lomas,  she's  co  chair  of the  women  in  Scottish  aquaculture. We  have  a  lovely  banner  over  at  the  side there  where  I  think  you  can get  links,  et  cetera. But,  Matilda,  you're also  veterinary  practising cleaner  fish  Manager  at  Berfor  Scotland, starting  as  an  administrative assistant  in  the  biology  team. She's  advanced  to  oversee the  cleaner  fish  deployment  and contribute  to  the  sea life  management  strategies. But  obviously,  you  are  also  the  co  chair of  women  in  Scottish  aquaculture, advocating  for  diversity  and inclusion  in  the  sector. So  yeah,  looking  forward to  hearing  your  presentation. So  thank  you  very  much. I  will  pass  you  this.  Thank  you.  Hi  everyone. Hi.  Yes,  I  am  Matilda  Lomas. I  am  one  of  the  new  co  chairs of  WeizeE  and  I  am the  veterinary  practise  and cleaner  fish  manager  for  Bafros  Scotland. Some  people  have  said  to  me  that  I had  quite  an  interesting  route into  aquaculture, given  that  I  knew  Nada about  it  when  I  arrived  ten  years  ago, particularly  when  we're  talking  about encouraging  more  people  into  the  sector, particularly  women  who  won't  have necessarily  been  exposed to  aquaculture  so  much. Maybe  that's  something  for you  to  think  about. A  lot  of  you  in  the  room  are already  as  students  further  on than  I  was  when  I got  my  first  job,  who  knows? I  ten  years'  time,  you  could  be  up here  pretending  to  know what  you're  talking  about  as  well. So  something  to  aim  for. Do  we  need  Wiser  in  the  first  place? Do  we  need  support  for  women? This  photo  alone  is representative  but  potentially  problematic for  encouraging  new  people, people  who  aren't  male  and  white, and  we  need  more  representation of  diversity  in  our  sector. So  in  2018,  there  were 11%  of  women  in  the  industry,  89%  were  men. So  that  spurred  on former  SAC  CEO  Heather Jones  to  start  talking  to other  women  in  fish  farming  and aquaculture  and  starting  to think  about  what  we  should be  doing  to  tackle  this. It's  really  important  that  we  ask the  sector  and  particularly  gathering  data, like  Alicia  has  said, to  find  out  what  is  needed, what  is  happening  at  the  moment. So  in  2018,  before we  started  women  in  Scottish  aquaculture, we  asked  before  we  could get  a  mandate  to  start  a  group. Just  some  key  findings here  the  majority  were  looking  for  support. They  did  want  to  see  more on  careers  and  achievements that  had  already  been  made  by  women  in the  sector  as  role  models. They  did  want  to  have someone  lobbying  and  campaigning  for  them. The  majority  wanted  training, they  wanted  advice  on  their  careers, and  crucially,  93%  said they  would  join  a  network  if  one  was  set  up. So  there  we  had  it. 2019,  International  Women's  Day, women  in  Scottish  aquaculture was  set  up  and  with a  big  thanks  to  those  organisations therefore  providing  financial  support. We  are  also  heavily  reliant  on the  generosity  of  people's  time and  resources,  not  just  money. So  over  the  years, we  have  had  support  from  many informally  and formally  through  our  advisory  group, which  is  essentially  our  board. This  is  our  current  advisory  group, and  you  can  see  myself  with Ingrid  Kelling  and  Rianna  Reese, who  we  are  now  the  new  co  chairs, having  just  taken  over  from Theresa  Garzon,  who  unfortunately, last  minute  couldn't  make  it  here  today, so  she  sent  her  best  wishes. And  We  are  a  cross  section  of  academia, research,  the  supporting  supply and  innovation  chain,  production. I  always  find  it  an  interesting  discussion, and  perhaps  we'll  hear more  about  it  in  the  questions later  on  how  we  should involve  men  in  our  discussions  as  well, particularly  given  that  for  centuries, it  was  never  a  discussion  on whether  we  should  include  women. So  we  recognise  that  it's vital  to  include  men in  our  discussions  and  our  decision  making. But  unfortunately, studies  do  show  that  people  are  more likely  to  align  their  decisions and  values  with  people who  are  similar  to  them. So  we  as  women are  already  going  to  have  a  harder  time persuading  people  and  asking  for  support  from the  CEO  or  the  MD  or the  investor  who  is currently  more  likely  to  be  a  man. So  Even  our  own  argument, as  wiser  is,  diversity  makes  us  wiser. I've  always  loved  that  tagline. Whilst  we  do  and must  include  men  in  our  decision  making, we  always  try  our  best  to empower  women  to  be the  ones  who  are  speaking  at  our  events, leading  our  campaigns,  and  being the  ones  at  the  forefront  of demanding  change  for  things  that  will inevitably  benefit everyone  in  the  workplace  anyway. So  we  started  on a  strong  foundation  with  SAC, and  now  we  are  on our  next  exciting  chapter with  Lantra  as  our  host. We  have  a  mix  of  in  person  and  online  events. Again,  juggling  things  like caring  responsibilities  and  having a  huge  geographical  spread across  Scotland  means  that  people have  a  different  availabilities for  attending  events, and  we  often  try piggyback  on  the  back of  other  industry  events. This  means  it's  easier  for  women  to ask  to  leave  their  usual  day  job  because they're  ticking  off  a  few  work  requirements rather  than  just  going  to, and  this  is  actually  a  quote  to just  chat  with  the  ladies  all  day. A  manager  a  male manager  once  said  we  were  doing. That's  a  good  tip  if  you want  to  encourage  people  to  come  along, tag  it  onto  an  existing  thing that  the  university  might  already  be  doing. We  love  celebrating  and  showcasing  women  in the  sector  to  show  that things  have  been  done  before, and  so  the  door  is  open  for  them. I'll  talk  more  about our  mentoring  programme  shortly, which  is  very  successful and  our  online  forums. So  you  can  actually  grab our  QR  code  on  the  way  out. We'd  love  you  to  check  out  the  web  page and  our  LinkedIn  profile  as  well. We're  actually  up  to  over  400  supporters now  on  LinkedIn, and  you  can  see  our  women's  Rener  programme. So  this  was  for  anyone  not  currently  in  work. They  may  have  already  been  in aquaculture  and  they  had to  take  a  break  for  caring  responsibilities, or  they're  unemployed  looking  for  work. They've  never  heard  about  aquaculture, so  this  career  programme for  returners  was  an  excellent  way  of showcasing  the excellent  opportunities  that  we  have. New  Wave  of  talent  was  also  another  line of  a  career  campaign  alongside  SAC  and  antra. So  our  mentoring  Oh, if  I  skipped  something  there? Yes,  something's  missing. Okay,  we're  missing  a  slide  there. So  our  mentoring  programme is  on  our  third  set  now.  I'm  a  mentor. My  mentees  here  today and  some  more  of  you  in  the  room  are  mentors, we're  very  grateful  for  your  support. It's  ran  externally  and  we  have  been  told  by our  mentees  that  they  didn't  have a  particular  preference  for  whether their  mentors  were  women  or  men. We've  been  able  to  use  that  to continue  asking  men  to apply  to  be  mentors  as  well, and  we're  very  grateful  that  we have  allies  as  men  to  support  us  in  that  too. It  is  sorry,  I'm  just trying  to  remember  what  that  slide  said. So  it  is  run  by  an  external  facilitator. It's  free,  fully  funded  by  Wiser. Menees  apply  by  saying what  they  want  to  gain  out  of  the  experience, and  mentors  apply  by saying  what  they  can  offer, and  you're  then  matched up  with  corresponding  qualities, I  guess,  and  interests. And  it's  ran  really  successfully. We're  really  chuffed  with  it. You  can  see  some  great  quotes  here, and  we  know  that  alongside  the  programme, it  has  then  resulted in  promotions,  new  careers, building  confidence  and  connections, new  ideas  for  innovation  in  the  workplace, and  crucially  helping  with retainment  employment  in  aquaculture. Then  let's  not  forget there's  benefits  for  mentors  too. I  really  enjoyed  it  a  couple  of  years  ago. No  pressure. Here  is  hoping  this  round of  mentoring  goes  well  as well,  and  years  ago, I  hadn't  considered  myself  as  being  a  mentor, even  though  I  was  on the  Wiser  advisory  group. I'd  been  in  the  industry  for  seven  years. I  think  that's  a  really  key  point  when we're  asking  people  to  volunteer  for  roles, not  being  asked  to  go  for a  promotion  that  they'll  get  paid  for, but  something  that  they're  going to  have  to  give  their  free  time  of. If  you  ask  someone, whether  it's  for  yes  or for  Wiser  or  something, if  you  go  up  to  them  personally  and  say, I  think  your  insight  would  be  valuable  for this  or  we'd  really appreciate  your  input  on  that. I've  noticed  you're  excellent  at  this. People  are  much  more  likely  to  say  yes. And  so  I  think that's  a  good  tip  for  getting  people involved  to  provide  great  connections for  the  mentees  in  particular. So  I'm  sure  am  I  missing  more  slides? We're  good  for  time  anyway. So  I  will  finish on  a  Ba  frost  slide,  if  that's  okay. And  our  representation  in Commons  should  look  more  like  this. I  showed  it  on  International  Women's  Day. It's  got  some  of  my  colleagues  from across  Scotland  and  the  Faros. And  I'm  afraid  I  don't  have  any  up  to  date stats  to  compare  with the  11%  of  women  in  2018. We  do  have  a  bit  of informal  feedback  from  the  industry that  we  are  seeing  more  women  apply, but  I  think  we  can  all  agree  it's  clear that  there's  still  more  work  to  be  done, particularly  in  leadership roles  and  in  production. So  when  we  originally asked  what  the  sector needed  and  whether  we  needed  wiser, it  was  clear  that  women  did and  still  do  need  wiser. However,  despite  widespread  recognition  of evidence  globally that  diversity  makes  us  wiser, we  still  come  across  individuals  and organisations  who  are  reluctant to  contribute  to  our  goals. Feminism  seems  to  have had  a  bit  of  a  resurgence  recently, particularly  with  Gen  Z. But  that  is  bringing the  danger  of  complacency, and  so  much  of  what  people  are experiencing  now  in a  bad  way  is  hidden  online. So  alongside  what  the  sector  is  telling  us, what  women  and  men  are  telling  us, and  You  know,  there's corroborating  data  that  we're  all  aware  of. The  list  is  depressingly  endless. We  know  crime,  health, education,  entertainment,  sport. There's  gender  inequality and  inequity  everywhere. So  whilst  I  hope  many, if  not  all  of  you  in the  room  are  supportive  of  Wiser, and  you  continue  to  be helping  us  celebrate  our  achievements, you  all  already  passed  the  test  by  not leaving  as  soon  as  you  got  a  cup  of  coffee, so  congratulations  and  thank  you. And  I'm  afraid  we  are  going  to  have  to keep  banging  on  about  feminism for  a  while  longer. But  the  good  news  is  we've  got lots  of  exciting  things  to  look  forward  to. Now  we're  looking  forward  to new  things  with  partnerships with  other  supportive  groups like  the  Young  Aquarculture  Society, women  in  agriculture,  forestry,  fishing. We're  really  grateful  for  your  support  and hopefully  we  can  bring  more  women and  men  along  on  the  journey. Thank  Thank  you  very  much,  Matilda. That  was  fantastic  to  hear of  all  the  initiatives  that  are  going  on. Brilliant.  Our  final  speaker is  Loretta  Segal,  who  we've  met  earlier. So  again,  I  but  obviously from  the  Chilean  Salmon  Council. And,  if  people  want  to  prepare  any  questions, we'll  get  the  panel  out  as soon  as  Loreta  is  finished, and  we'll  open  up  the  questions.  Thank  you. Thank  you.  Yesterday,  when  we  arrived  here, and  we  were  reviewing  the  presentation, we  decide  to  change  it. We  all  have  change  it. So  first  was  the  first  sheet, then  second  sheet, and  then  hold  the  presentation. So  the  reason  maybe  we  are  very  inspired, we  are  very  happy  to  be  here  in  Edinburgh, and  maybe  we  can add  more  emotion  to  the  presentation. So  I'm  going  to  show  you  what  was  the  result, and  And  maybe  this is  very  important  because  for  me, it's  an  honour  to  be  in the  same  panel  with  Alicia,  with  Matilda, and  maybe  could  be  the  beginning  of the  new  era  that we  can  share  different  experience, work  together,  and  give different  pathway  to increase  the  female  leadership. So  the  first,  so  I  need some  tips  here  because it's  a  new  presentation. I  only  have  one  day  to  prepare  a  day. So  no,  only  one  night. So  So  the  first  is I'm  sure  that  female  leadership has  no  boundaries, and  the  other  is  nothing  is  a  coincidence. So  we  have  two  concepts  for  us. And  here  we  have two  picture  that  is  very  important  because the  picture  on  your  right  is a  woman  the  from  Chilean  salmon  in  Chile. So  in  the  other,  we  take that  picture  from  the  WSA  web  site, and  we  know  that  is  from  here, and  she  is  working  in  some  of  where in  here  in  Scotland. So  why  we  have  no  boundaries  because  here today  have  a  powerful  woman that  we  are  working  in  different  roles. In  different  parts  of  the  world, in  different  maybe  talent,  and  all  of  us, we  are  working  in  the  same  way  and  is  promote and  increase the  female  leadership  in  aquaculture. So  if  I  were  in  Chile, I  obviously  only  talking about  the  Chilean  leadership. So  if  I  stay  here, I  can  speak  about  or  think  about  globally. So  this  is  very  important because  we  are  in  the  same  way, in  different  parts  of  the  world, but  we  have  the  same  gold. And  then  the  second  I  have the  second  sheet  is  new  too. It's  about  nothing  happens  by  chance. So  Here  I  have  two  tips  for  you. First,  last  year  was  Aquasur  in  Chile. So  that  is  the  main  aquaculture  event in  the  southern  hemisphere. And  we  have  a  special  meeting with  Scottish  government  delegation. I  was  in  March  on  March  in  the  last  year. So  in  that  meeting, I  remember  that  they  told  us  about  WSA, was  the  first  time  that I  heard  about  that  organisation. So  the  thing  is, I  never  thought  that  one  year  later, I  would  be  here  at the  University  of  Edinburgh with  ASA  organisation. So  this  is  very  amazing, and  this  is  the  first  thing that  I  want  to  share  with  you. And  the  second  is  about this  picture  because  here you  have  two  pictures. And  it's  about  Natalia, our  Director  of  communication. Three  weeks  ago,  yeah, in  Chile  we  are  very innovative  in  this  kind  of  presentation. So  three  weeks  ago, I  remember  that  Natalia told  me  he  was  studying with  her  little  daughter,  maybe 10-years-old  10-years-old? Yes,  Ra  Rafaela. The  name  of  her  daughter  is  Rafaela. And  he  was  studying  and suddenly  appear  that  picture. In  that  picture  is  in  that  book  is  about a  specific  book  of the  basic  plan  of  education  in  Chile. The  name  is  Mitos Iendas  del  Cielo  Ill  estrellas. So  in  that  book  in the  basic  plan  of  education  in  Chile appear  that  picture  about  a cottage  mermaid  with  a  tail,  a  saloon  tail. So  for  us,  Really? We  don't  know,  this  is  very  special  for  us because  so  that  the  reason  that what  were  the  chances  that  it  happens? So,  in  that  case,  our  answer  is  very  likely. But  happened,  and  we  don't  need more  words  to  explain  why  we  are here  and  to  slide  give  you  the  reason that  we  are  very  happy  and  we  have travelled  a  lot  to  be  in  Edinburgh  today. So,  um  to  these  two  tit for  us  is  very  important  and  give  you maybe  an  emotional  way  that understand  what  we  are  working  in the  Chilean  salmon  farming  in Chile  and  how  is the  way  that  we  work  together  with  the  world, and,  for  example,  with the  Scotland  and  other  kind  of  organisations. The  third  wait. So  the  description  of red  Musa  is  an  initiative  that  Chilean initiative  that  designed  and  elevate woman  leadership  and  participation in  salmon  farming  in  Chile. So  that  the  specific  description that  you  can  find  it  in  our  website. But  for  us,  we  want to  share  another  experience. I  want  to  talk  about the  backstage  when  we  beginning  of  red  Musa. So  first,  I  think  that it's  very  important  that  I  told you  I  tell  you  that  I was  a  minister  of  woman  in the  first  government  in  the  first  government of  President  Sebastian  Pinera  in  2013. So  that  is  very  important  because I  have  a  special  commitment with  the  woman  leadership and  all  of  things  that  are  around to  the  woman  and  the  impact  that the  leadership  and  the  leadership  woman has  in  our  countries. So  I  believe  that  if  I  was  a  minister, was  the  reason  that  there  is  a  lot  of women  that  are  working  in the  industry  in  Chile, that  they  come  to  ask  me, ask  me  asking  me, and  in  that  moment said  they  need  to  work  with  me. And  remember  that  in  that  moment, I  really  want  to  listen all  their  feelings  or they  needed  and  different kind  of  topic  that sometimes  in  Tile  is  very  difficult to  boss  or  chief  listen  what  they  needed. So  in  that  case,  I  realised  that  in  my  case, I  have  a  special  commitment, and  I'm  going  to never  forget  that  day  because I  remember  that  It  was a  special  day  because  I was  at  the  hospital  with  my  daughter. I  only  have  one  daughter,  and  he  has broken  her  leg  and  he  had  to  have  a  surgery. So  I  always  remember that  was  the  day  that  we  had a  meeting  with  the  different maybe  15  women  by  Zoom. I  remember  that  and  talk about  this  and  was  the  day  that  red  Musa start  to  born  to a  new  era  of the  women  in  aquaculture  in  Chile. And  in  that  moment, I  said  that  it's  very  important  to  have maybe  three  goals  because if  you  think  a  lot  of  things, you  really  don't  nothing. So  and  we  need  to  define  three  goals, and  we  are  working  together  in  that  way, and  maybe  we  can  achieve different  results  that  we really  want  to  show  to  other  companies, to  the  companies,  to  your  boss, and  they  are  going  to  be more  commitment  with  us. So  the  first  was  this  kind  of  commitment. It's  about  it's  not  the  same, It's  not  the  same  issue, but  we  want  to  raise  awareness  about the  human  leadership  in  aquaculture  in  Chile. So,  for  example,  that  picture is  very  important  because it's  about  three  months  ago. So  in  that  moment, the  red  Musa  is  an  official  organisation. They  went  to  the  local  government, they  signed  different  documents. And  today,  red  Musa  in Chile  is  the  first  time  that  we  have an  organisation  of  leadership  for woman  that  is  working  in  this  industry. And  for  us,  it's  very  important because  our  industry  is  very  important. I  told  you  that  we  are the  second  product  that  we  exported. We  are  the  second  country  in the  world  about  the  industry  of  salmon, but  it's  the  first  time  that we  have  something  like  this. And  then  the  other  goals  is  about I  We  have  to strengthening  women  in leadership  and  management  position. And  for  example,  these  picture are  very  important  for  us. The  picture  that  is  in  your  right  is  about the  first  president  of our  central  bank  in  Chile. The  name  is  Rosana  Acosta, and  that  picture  is  about  me, but  the  other  is  the  president  of  Red  Musa. It's  the  first  time  that  one  of president  of  Central  Bank  go  to  the  south  of Chile  and  stayed  with the  Red  Musa  that  for  us  is  very  important because  it's  the  first  time  and  give  us an  opportunity  to  show  to the  industry  that  we  are  very  important. And  in  another  case,  on  your  left, there  is  is  Miriam  Chavez, Ts  the  president  of  Red  Musa. And  for  us,  it's  very  important  to  share and  to  stay  with  a  lot  of  women. So  after  COVID  in  Chile, it's  very  common  if  you  use  social  media to  stay  with  a  lot of  women  in  the  South  of  Chile. So  for  us,  it's  very  important,  for  example, that  kind  of  activities  is  a  in  social  media, and  we  promote  this  because  we  can accede  to  different  women in  the  three  region  in  the  South  of  Chile. There  is  a  very  huge  territory  for  us, and  with  this  way, we  can  go  and  stay  with different  women  and  be in  contact  with  all  of  them. And  the  last  is  about  this, and  we  need  to  create  support  network to  career  development  is important  because  for us,  it's  about  training. It's  about  the  second  implementing training  programmes. For  example,  maybe two  weeks  ago,  for  example, Alicia  was  in  a  specific  meeting  with a  different  woman  and  start to  explain  about,  about  different  topics. And  this  is  very important  because  trainee  and develop  the  career  of one  of  them  for  us  is  very  important. So  this  is  our  red  Musa, we  are  very  happy  and  we know  that  we  can  share different  experience  with  WSA  and start  a  new  point  of  relation, and  we  are  very  happy  for there.  Thank  you  very  much. Thank  you  very  much.  If  I  could  ask the  three  speakers  just  to  come down  to  the  front,  that  would  be  great. And  yeah,  open  up  the  floor  for  questions. We'll  just  have  a  few  minutes  of  questions before  we  close  the  session. Any  questions  from  the  floor? No?  Yes,  Magda. I'd  like  to  thank  the  speakers for  their  really  inspiring  talks. Just  a  question  in  terms of  emergencies  such  as  COVID, did  you  see  any  impact  of  that  and how  did  that  influence  or  change women's  participation  in  women  and gender  related  participation and  roles  in  aquaculture. We  had  to  adapt, like  everyone  else  within  Wiser, to  provide  online  offerings. We  were  brand  new  by  the  time COVID  came,  we  were  only  a  year  old. But  I  remember  a  lot  of online  discussions  and I  remember  that  being  quite  a  special  time, being  able  to  connect. That  brought  about  a  positive  side and  we'll  have  felt that  in  lots  of  different  ways, being  able  to  connect  through  different  ways online  when  it  was  a  very  lonely  time. In  terms  of  women  in  work,  you  mean? I  Women  have  to come  across  difficult  situations a  lot  at  work  anyway. So  I  think  in  particular, it  was  a  very  isolating  time and  we  had  to make  more  of  an  effort  to  reach  out and  make  sure  that women  were  being  supported. They  were  also  burdened  with  a  lot  of caring  responsibilities as  they  are  still  now. So  I  guess  that  was an  extra  consideration  that  women  were taking  a  lot  of the  caring  responsibilities  at  that  time. Do  either  of  you  like  to  comment? Thank  you.  Thank  you,  Matia. In  our  case,  I  think  the  COVID was  a  positive  issue regarding  the  pandemic  situation because  the  women  in  the  fishery  sector, they  participate  a  lot in  different  online  system. MV,  this  situation  decreased the  stress related  with  the  pandemic  situation, and  also  they  had the  possibility  to  participate  for the  first  time  in an  online  training  with the  University  of  Chile. It's  a  very  hard  number  of  sessions, so  it  was  positive  in  our  case. Thank  you.  Yes.  I  like Alicia  talking  for  industry  in  Chile was  very  good  because  the  women in  Chile  feel  more  encouraged and  they  have  a  lot of  them  are  in  charge  of  their  child. They  really  want  to  have a  very  strong  leader  of  their  family. I  think  that  in  that  moment  they realised  that  they  need  to be  together  with  other  women. In  Chile  and  it  didn't  stop. So  continuously, the  industry  works  every  day  with  COVID, with  no  COVID  and  that the  reason  that  maybe  the  woman  need  to  be together  with  other  women and  share  different  experience  and  for  us  was maybe  the  point  that we  need  to  go  and  create  red  Musa. Thank  you.  Any  other  questions? I've  got  one  I'd  quite  like  to  ask. It  was  fabulous  hearing about  all  the  different  initiatives, the  mentoring  and  the  training, the  workshops  through  both of  your  initiatives. But  one  of  the  things  about measuring  impact  of  that  is and  you  mentioned  about the  lack  of  data  that  we  have. How  do  we  resolve  that in  terms  of  how  do  we  record, the  number  of  women  working,  and then  you  can  then  measure the  impact  of these  initiatives  that  you  have? Well,  in  Chile,  we  need  to  create  a  new  law, maybe  the  first  law  about woman  equity in  fisheries  and  aquaculture  sector. It  was  a  law  during  the  2021, the  last  year  of  President  Pinera, and  this  is  the  first  step maybe  to  create  some  regulations, some  law  because  we  need  to  support  the  work on  data  management  and access  by  the  competent  authorities. So  we  need  the  government, we  need  the  private  sector, and  we  need  the  academia. So  this  is  maybe  the  first  step  for  us. I  don't  know,  Matilda, do  you  want  to  comment  on from  a  Scottish  perspective? As  I  said  earlier,  it's  always  really important  to  get  feedback  from  the  sector, so  we're  always  asking  women and  men  what  they  want  and  need. It  was  one  of  the  missing  slides  actually. We  came  back  and  we  did  another  survey in  2023  to ask  what  was  required and  things  were  fairly  similar. They  still  wanted  training,  support, mentoring,  and  Very  importantly, the  need  for  confidence  training wasn't  so  much  of  a  priority, and  I  think  that's  sometimes  an  assumption we  make  that  women  need help  with  their  confidence. I  think  that's  always  important to  remember  that  we  can offer  other  elements  to help  women  in  their  careers  as  well. But  data  is  very  important, particularly  to  argue the  case  for  funding,  support, and  it's  difficult  to I  think  we  have  to  show  people  that we're  doing  a  good  job  of  supporting  them, and  then  they'll  get  on  board and  recognise  that  what we're  doing  is  of  value  to  everyone. Great.  Thank  you.  Yeah,  that's so  important  to  be  able  to  show the  impact  that your  initiatives  are  having  in order  to  then  leverage more  support  going  forward. Great.  Thank  you. Any  other  questions  from  the  floor? Yeah.  It's  okay. So  often  these  networks  are a  mix  of  technical  support  and  socialising, and  the  social  aspect  is  really  key. I  was  struck  by,  you  know,  like,  Oh, we  need  to  match  these  events with  other  conferences, et  cetera, to  get  people  to  be  able  to  go  to  them, get  access  to  them,  access  so  important. How  do  we  encourage social  situations alongside  those  sorts  of  events, and  how  important  is  socialising  for networks  like  Red  Mouser  and Weiser  to  encourage  participation? Very  important  and  I've definitely  been  told  off for  networking  at  work. I  bet  other  people  have  been. People  say,  Oh,  you're just  drinking  with  colleagues. But  again,  the  sector  has  told  us that  networking  is  very important  for  fostering  good  relationships, feeling  valued,  feeling  supported, knowing  the  right  people  to go  to  in  the  right  moment. I  think  it  gets  a  hard  break and  so  we  prioritise  it at  WISE  as  something  that  we know  our  group  wants, and  it  does  the  industry good  to  bring  people  together,  why  not? No,  I  think  I  agree. We  need  to  communicate. The  communication  is  a  key  point in  different  level  of communication  in  the  community, in  the  field  level,  scientific, social,  and  even  a  party, we  need  to  communicate. It's  a  happy  idea. It's  a  happy  moment for  us  to  share  information. This  is  my  opinion.  Yeah. So  in  addition  to  Alicia, that  I  don't  know  that  you represent  Gua  or  Chile  now. Okay.  Thank  you. Yeah.  Thank  you  for  us,  it's  very  important. So  that's the  reason  that  for  us,  for  example, social  media  is  very  important because  we  have  in  the  South  of  Chile, we  have  one  region  in  that  region  is  so  far, and  there  is  a  lot  of,  for example,  salmon  farm. So  they  are  really  far  between  them. So  in  that  salmon  farm  works  a  lot  of  woman. So  if  we  don't  have  a  connection  with  them, We  really  only  have,  for  example, a  group  of  women  or  women. So  what  happened  with  others? So  for  us,  it's  very important  to  use  the  technology, use  the  connection,  use  a  Starling, for  example,  in  salmon  farm. So  today  for  us  to  re  Musa, it  is  very  important  to  use  the  technology, the  connectivity,  and  keep in  touch  with  a  lot of  women  in  the  industry. Thank  you.  I  think  we'll  have one  more  question  and  then we'll  wrap  up.  Thank  you. So  at  the  risk  of asking  a  controversial  question as  the  last  question, I'd  like  to  go  back  to  the  previous  point about  data  because  I've  often  been in  the  position  of  trying  to  attract funding  for  more  programmes, especially  for  women. And  I've  always  been  asked, and  it's  the  point has  always  been  made that  there's  not  enough  data. So  I  guess  the  My  question  is, at  what  point  do  you  think  we're  going  to have  enough  data  or should  we  given  that  we  know the  impact  and  we recognise  the  importance  of  diversity, how  much  do  you  even  think  we  need  data, or  is  that  something  that is  just  said  because it's  a  women's  programme? I  told  you  it  was  going  to  be controversial.  Not  at  all. I  mean,  it's  important  to understand  how  we're  going  to  actually collect  the  data  if  we  need  to collect  that  data  and what's  the  best  mechanism? I  would  probably  rather  go with  the  direction  that I  mentioned  a  moment  ago, just  start  showing  people  that we're  having  a  benefit  rather  than do  the  hard  work  of having  statistics  because  I think  maybe  a  lot  of  what  we're  doing  is, I  don't  want  to  use  the  word emotional  in  a  talk  about  women, but  it's  about  feeling how  supported  people  are  feeling. It's  very  difficult  to  put  into a  bargraph  to  persuade  someone. So  I  would  rather  have soft  statistics  perhaps  that show  we're  just  bringing more  women  into  the  industry. We've  got  retainment.  We've  got  more  women simply  on  boards  and  as  heads  of  finance, et  cetera  I'm  possibly as  frustrated  as  you  by  that. Okay,  you're  not  frustrated. But  I  would  find  that  frustrating  at having  those  roadblocks and  As  I  said  earlier, there's  enough  data  to  show  we  have different  and  more  significant challenges  in  certain  areas. So  when  the  support is  denied  because  of  that,  that's  difficult. I  have  to  be  honest.  Can  you repeat  the  question  because  I really  I  don't  understand  all the  reflection  on  the  question. I  understand,  Matild,  but  can  you  repeat  or give  me  another  I  think  it's maybe  one  tips  for  me,  please. When  you're  when you're  trying  to  get  funding, you're  asked  for  quantitative  data. Which  is  to  prove  that  there  is a  need  for  training  and  that. Yeah.  Okay.  I  understand  now. Now,  I  understand.  Very  good. Thank  you.  So  let's  see. So  I  think  that  one  of our  characteristic  we  have to  be  very  honest  because  I  don't  understand. So  in  other  case,  for  example, if  we  are  not  in  Chile, for  example,  if  in  a  panel with  different  men, they  really  don't  say  this. So  they  talk  about maybe  what  they  understand, but  really,  they  don't want  to  say,  I  don't  understand. So  this  is  a  very  big  difference. And  in  this  moment,  for  example, in  our  country  for  yet  different  found, I  think  that  we  have  to  be  very honest  with  the  community, with  the  companies. We  have  to  share  really  specific  data, specific  number  because  it's  very sometimes  you  really  go and  only  talk  about  dreams. And  in  our  case,  we decide  to  take  another  way. Maybe  we  are  we  are  doing  a  little, but  we  really  want  to  show that  improvement and  measure  that  improvement, and  the  impact  and show  to  the  different  companies, this  is  very  important, and  here  is  the  number. So  all  the  time  we  talk about  If  you  have  the  number, maybe  you  have  to  measure, and  if  you  have  the  measure, you  are  going  to  give  to  argument, to  the  different  communities  to  decide about  what  we  need  to  do  for  us. I  think  the  response  is very  simple.  As  to  the  woman. Ask  the  woman  because the  woman  has  the  solution. They  are  organising, find  the  solution  for  that. You  need  to  meet  with  them and  the  solution  will  appear. Thank  you.  I  think  that's a  fantastic  statement  to  end  on. So  please,  I  could  ask  everybody  to thank  our  panel  for all  their  hard  work  and  presentations. Great.  Thank  you  very  much. That's  been  a  fascinating  session. Do  you  want  to  come  down?  And  thank you  thank  you  to  our  speakers. I  just  want  to  thank  Fernando, who's  been  sort  of  hiding up  in  the  auditorium, but  has  really  organised  all of  this  today  and has  brought  all  of  this  together. He  joined  us  not  that  long  ago, and  he's  been  a  bit  of a  whirlwind  since  he  started. But  he's  really  helped  to build  connections  inside  and outside  of  the  school. So  it's  been  fantastic. So  I'm  going  to  pass  over  to Fernando  who  will  introduce  Jeff. Thank  you,  Susan.  Good  afternoon,  everybody. Just  finishing  and  thank  you  so  much for  your  time  and  being  here. I'm  sorry  for  stressing  our  chairs  to put  this  programme  very stretch,  but  we  made  it. And  I  just  want  to  finish inviting  Professor  Jeff  Simon, who  is  the  Director  of the  Division  of  Global Agriculture  and  Food  System here  at  the  Royal School  of  Veterinary  Studies. His  work  focused  on  role  of  agricultural, global  challenges  such  as  food  security, sustainable  diets,  climate  change, and  the  sustainable  use  of  natural  resources. Jeff  has  a  background  in  animal  breeding, has  held  various leadership  roles  in  research, education,  and  policy  engagement. He's  fellow  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society and  the  Royal  Society  of  Biology. That's  very  formal.  But  what I  have  to  say,  I  can  see  you  here  now. Yeah.  So  yeah,  I am  first  thanking  Jeff  because  he has  been  the  chair  that  had  been promoting  aquaculture  here  at  the  division, and,  of  course,  offer me  the  opportunity  to  work  together. So  thank  you,  Joe, for  supporting  this  activity, and  I'll  leave  you  some  words  to finish  the  forum.  Thanks,  Fernando. Slightly  embarrassed  that  after an  extensive  search  of  the  campus, they  found  an  old  white  male to  close  this  session, but  I'm  afraid  that's  all  I  can  work  with. So  thanks  very  much, indeed,  Fernando,  for  those  remarks, and  thank  you  for  your  energy  and  vision  and commitment  in  creating this,  this  session  today. We've  been  delighted  to  be hosting  the  event  today. As  you  heard  from Lisa  and  throughout  the  day, aquaculture  is  of  growing  importance  to  us on  this  campus  here  as  it is  obviously  in  Scotland. So  it's  great  that  we're  able to  host  this  event  today. Unfortunately,  I  couldn't  be  here for  the  first  half  of  the  session. But  thanks  to  Ronnie,  Alicia,  Sandy,  Nick, Loretto,  and  Andrew  for your  contributions  to  make that  such  a  success. It  was  obviously  a  success because  we're  waiting outside  there  for  the  coffee  and had  they  gone  out  the  back  door, but  it's  a  good  sign  when you're  not  bursting  to  get  out  for  coffee, but  you  want  to  continue  the  discussions. And  Fernando's  um  briefed me  that  the  themes  that  were  emerging from  the  first  session  today  were on  the  importance  of climate  change  in  driving heightened  risks  to  animals disease  and  welfare, the  importance  of  a  one  health  approach, which  is, of  course,  music  to  our  ears  on  this  campus. It's  what's  unifying  the  activities  across the  campus  here  in addressing  those  challenges. The  importance  of  aligning  our  research  with regulatory  and  policy  agendas, and  of  course,  the  importance  of collaboration  across  sectors  and  countries. And  that's  been  at  the  very  heart of  today's  session. Thanks  to  all  the  speakers  and chair  from  the  first  half, I  want  to  thank,  especially  Alicia,  Matilda, and  Loretto  for  their  engaging and  inspiring  talks in  this  session  because  I  heard  those, so  I  can  say  that  from  the  heart. So  thank  you  very  much,  indeed,  to  you. I'm  delighted  that  we've  focused  on women  in  aquaculture  in  this  session  today. It's  been  disturbing  to see  the  EDI  or  quality  diversity, inclusion,  DEI, if  you  in  other  parts  of  the  world. Under  attack  recently, and  I'm  delighted  that  we  are showcasing  the  importance  of  that and  our  commitment  to  that  here  today. Thanks  very  much,  indeed, to  all  the  speakers  today, to  Fernando,  as  I've  said, for  having  the  vision  to  deliver the  session  today  and  the  energy to  organise  it  to  Gordon, Susan,  and  Allison,  who's  not  here  for  all  of your  work  in  making  this  happen. We  can  give  you  all  the  clap  now  here. Thank  you. And  last  but  not  least, thank  you  for  travelling from  as  far  as  Auburn, Sterling,  Aberdeen,  and  Chile. You  get  the  prize  to  be  here  today. It's  been  a  great  session. It's  the  first  of  this  type. It  won't  be  the  last.  Thank  you  very  much.